If the intial coins were sent from somewhere lie a mobile wallet, in future, you can add to the transaction fee once it's been sent.
If not and are using a wallet that doesn't check if coins are refunded, you can always import the private keys into bitcoin core to try to get those coins back (although it is obviously simper to set a higher fee).
normally it only takes 2-3days before a transaction is dropped from the memory pool if not confirmed in that time
it depends, some wallets will automatically rebroadcast it using the same input to the same output with the same transaction fee