Last November 2019, nag-issue ang Philippine SEC ng
Memorandum Circular No. 22. Nakasaad dito na gagamitin nila ang
Accounting for Cryptographic Assets na inilabas ng Philippine Interpretations Committee (PIC) sa Financial reporting rules andregulation.
Medyo technical ang topic na ito pero susubukan kong simplehan lang para sa mga wala masyadong background sa Accounting. Hindi din masyado specific kung ano ba talaga ang recording pero atleast may mga guidelines na depende kung ano ang nature or main purpose ng cryptographic assets at kung paano ang magiging valuation nito.
Unahin muna natin ang definitions at inherent value na nakasaad sa PIC:
As you can see from the above image, may apat na classification para sa mga cryptographic assets.
- Cryptocurrency - more like mga Coins para sa atin (may sariling blockchain)
- Asset-backed token - ito yung mga backed by fiats, gold or other minerals, physical assets, at iba pa.
- Utility token - pamilyar naman siguro tayo dito (mga walang sariling blockchain)
- Security token - parang company shares din ito kung ikukumpara sa isang traditional business.
Recording or Reporting by Companies Engaged In Cryptographic AssetsThis is Philippines creating our own reporting standards kasi wala pa talagang International Accounting Standards pagdating sa crypto.
Kung tayo meron tayong "Bitcoin" at "Altcoins", meron namang "Cryptocurrency" at "Cryptographic assets other than cryptocurrency" (Asset-backed/Utility/Security) sa accounting.
Gaya ng sabi ko nung una, walang specific standard, local man o international, sa pag-record ng crypto assets kaya maraming pwede paraan ng pag-classify nito:
I. Cryptocurrencies held by an entity can be treated as either Inventories or Intangible Assets
- Inventories - kumbaga buy and sell ng crypto lang ang ginagawa ng kumpanya dito (kung long-term hodling naman, hindi pa clear kung paano)
- Intangible Assets - walang physical form pero pwede ibenta sa iba at makapagbigay ng economic benefits sa isang kumpanya
II. Cryptographic assets other than cryptocurrencies held by an entity (Asset-backed/Utility/Security ~ "Crypto Tokens")
- Asset-backed - accounting will depend sa kung anong asset ang back up ng token. Kung fiat, treated as cash. Kung physical asset naman, treated as real property/equipment/machinery
- Utility token - pwedeng mag-fall under Intangible asset or under Prepaid assets (parang prepaid load, bumili ka para magamit yung network services gaya ng sending messages at making calls)
- Security token - treated as a financial assets similar to shares of stocks
Meron din yung tinatawag na Hybrid tokens. Yung pwedeng pasok sa asset-backed at utility, utility at security, o asset-backed at security. Kailangan pa daw ng dagdag pagaaral sa ganung klaseng token bago magkaroon ng accounting treatment.
Meron pang topics about companies issuing tokens thru an ICO pero hindi ko na muna tatalakayin dito yun. Isasabay ko na lang siguro kung meron ng final rules and regulation ang SEC pagdating sa mga ICOs.
Please note also na hindi ko na sinama kung paano ang valuation ng Coins at Tokens dahil hindi din fix yan. I am only trying to give you a basic idea kung paano siya i-classify and I hope na ma-achieve ko yun.
For those who want to read further, click lang sa hyperlinks sa itaas.