Is there a mechanism in capitalism to ensure that capitalism is functioning properly?
i.e. something to make sure the market operates in these areas to maintain efficiency:
1) no patents, trademarks, ownership
Well, this comes down to property rights. Intellectual property (patents, trademarks, etc) aren't property, they're ideas. Other property, however, would be enforced by protection agencies, also called Rights Enforcement Agencies, or by self or third-party defense.
2) qualifications (i.e. doctors take X years to qualify)
A private qualification industry, not unlike UL for electronics could certainly be set up, and if a need is there for it, will be.
3) freedom of trade in people (visas)
Uh... Borders? Visas? these are all government creations. People would be free to come and go.
4) land planning (i.e the greenbelt artificially raising prices)
As land became more scarce, prices would naturally rise. If a landowner did not want their land developed, they simply would not sell.
