Is Bitcoin covered by this law?
A couple of years ago I spent a lot of time reading up on AML laws. They're "the same but different" around the world.
My conclusion is that simply using Bitcoin does not make you a money transmitter because the exchanges of value are person to person, direct, with no middlemen or intermediaries. All these laws are written on basically two assumptions:
1) Finance takes place through institutions
2) Currencies are issued by institutions
Bitcoin violates both those assumptions and by doing so, falls outside the money transmission regulations.
Exchanges are an obvious exception, as are any other institutions that let you hold a deposit and can give it to someone other than the depositor.
The best way to avoid problems with these laws is to build P2P networks and systems that involve no intermediaries. AML can still screw you if you go over the transaction size thresholds and don't do your ID verification homework, but the thresholds are quite high. Unless you routinely sell cars or houses for Bitcoins it's not likely to be a problem.
How would you ever know if you were dealing with someone who lived in Illinois anyway?
You can't know that, which is one of many reasons why these laws are stupid. US sales tax laws are even worse, they can vary
by city and some states expect you to verify the street address of everyone you sell something to and mail them a cheque.
The internet generally messes up any law of the form "to sell X to people in place Y you must register with a local authority in y".