I don't think the p2p system has issues. As you said, problems aren't only limited to internet connection... They are mostly not caused by internet connection problems: the hardware is to blame. It's easier to have a 100+MB connection than a nicely equipped computer. If you browse the forums you can see feedback of people syncing the blockchain pretty quickly. Obviously not everyone has access to an 8+GB RAM computer, 256GB+ SSD and a fast processor. But what I mean is, the impact that a fast computer has on syncing a blockchain is much bigger than a faster connection.
As for issues with Bitcoin-qt, I haven't had much in 2 years of using the software. Some problems are simply between the keyboard and the chair
So how many connections are there nowadays? Maybe you are experienced enough to get connected to fast nodes then. While others, who didn't run the wallet since weeks or months, might only find slow nodes.
Is there still the 8 nodes limit? If so then this sounds like a possible explaination that you get it downloaded and confirmed fast and others not.
And CPU and harddisc? I somehow doubt that. Copying some GB on a harddisc is a matter of minutes and confirming the whole blockchain is the same. So someone would need to have a really bad computer to have to wait many hours or days.
I am not very experienced. I have a home node that is connected whenever my computer is connected and I've setup full nodes for Bitcoin and alts. I don't exactly have a special config either, nor do I have a set of nodes I usually connect to. What I know is, as an example, my home computer is 6 years old and takes slightly more than a day to sync the blockchain and the handicap is clearly hardware. My connection is constantly idle while syncing. A day doesn't seem that much to setup something so resource demanding.
The node limit still seems to be applied. My computer is far from fast downloading the blockcahin. That's why my copy of it is quite a few years old
I just keep it in a separate drive in case I have to format, and when I update Bitcoin Core I point it to that folder.
Syncing the blockchain isn't as simple as copying files. The files are just copied. The blockchain is downloaded and verified
As I said I'm not an expert. I'm just replying based of what I know and experienced while setting up this kind of software
As for 0.10+ being faster, I seriously don't know, and I'm not willing to test and go a whole day without having my Bitcoin Core not operational
But I've heard several reports of it being faster than downloading the bootstrap file.
I still don't think the p2p interface is flawed. Maybe it's too 2009-ish, who knows? I'm not the right person to judge that. I don't think it's ill implemented. But there might be better ways now to make it, but that would probably require a rebuild of Bitcoin Core, and the changes that are usually made are more on the conservative side.