What impact could advances in quantum computing have on the security and integrity of the Bitcoin blockchain? Moreover, what efforts need to be made within the crypto community to address potential vulnerabilities ?
What was predicted is that quantum computers might be able to brute force bitcoin private key from public key and address by 2030, but this may not be what would happen because it could take a longer time. This is not a threat because if something like that would happen, bitcoin developers would have done something about it which will be able to protect bitcoin from quantum computing. This is not what should be bothering us for now because no computer that can be able to do that which has been created.
From what I understand it would only be able to brute force a private key from a public key, not from a public address (in any reasonable amount of time). So the roughly 2 million bitcoin still sitting in addresses from like 2009/2010/2011 that were sent to public key rather than public address WILL be stolen by quantum computers eventually. All other Bitcoin are safe (as long as you aren't reusing addresses).
Though I think 2030 is way too soon. Quantum computers are still in their infancy. Maybe by 2040 it'll be at the point where it'll be a serious threat to those ~2 million bitcoin.
The main problem, assuming my information is correct, is that either we let those couple million bitcoin get stolen (about half of them being Satoshi's bitcoin horde), or we hard fork to remove the pay to public key transactions from being valid blockchain transactions, thus cutting out about 2 million bitcoin from the supply. Community is generally against hard forks in order to keep bitcoin immutable and never have any problems of people being cut off from the network, but if its the only option to keep 2 million bitcoin from being stolen I think it would have to be done.
Besides that problem I don't think there is a serious threat to Bitcoin from quantum computing. Updates can be done to make the network quantum resistant in any ways it is not currently.