But all these transactions were made today. Not a month ago.
This transaction was made a month ago:
https://mempool.space/tx/a9b32b0d73abb9a84b30d5e38aa8877cd547d2131d71ab5aa50fe9a14c8b7fefYou sent 0.00002633 BTC to the address 1Gue6uuswhbZSQtBSsSuYao2DouEqpHLBd, and received 0.00332251 BTC back as change to the address bc1q9lqmchja8qv7rq2x6kwh9jh9qy9u6ksm9aa583. That transaction is still unconfirmed, but you have attempted to spend the 0.00332251 BTC from the address bc1q9lqmchja8qv7rq2x6kwh9jh9qy9u6ksm9aa583 in the transaction you broadcast today.
If it does not matter for the network if I confirmed the address on the Ledger or not, what is the reason for my transaction to be invalid given the fact that the fees are not low?
As I explained above. Your current transaction is attempting to spend an input which most nodes do not know exists since the month old unconfirmed transaction has been dropped from their mempools.
Right now I just sent some more BTC to this address from Binance and it showed up just fine.
Because there is nothing wrong with the address. The address works just fine. The problem is with the transaction you have broadcast.
The transaction from Bitcoin Core has a much larger amount of BTC and do I really have to reconcile to the fact that my money is gone forever for no apparent reason?
Again, your money is not gone. If the transaction does not go through, then the bitcoin will never leave your Bitcoin Core wallet and you can simply attempt to spend them in a new transaction.