2. Which other countries are considering cryptocurrencies?
Russia’s central bank plans to talk to countries including Brazil, China, India and the five former Soviet republics about creating a supra-cryptocurrency that could cover countries with 40 percent of the world’s population. People’s Bank of China Deputy Governor Fan Yifei wrote an article broaching the possibility of a digital currency it would issue with Chinese commercial institutions. In Sweden, where use of cash is vanishing, the central bank is investigating issuing its own digital currency, the E-krona, out of concern that widespread use of other virtual currencies controlled by private actors could harm competitiveness.
Very interesting.
3. Aren’t cryptocurrencies by definition non-governmental?
Until now, yes. Bitcoin and its many competitors and imitators have developed independently from central authority -- and intentionally so. But the blockchain technology that undergirds all cryptocurrencies doesn’t preclude centralization. In theory, a government could have greater control of a virtual currency than a paper one because it would be able to keep tabs on all transactions recorded on the blockchain ledger.
Bolded: this portion seems to operate under the flawed assumption that crypto currencies are "anonymous" or operate "off grid". Everything on the internet is logged and it might be said that all transactions are traceable if they need to be.
6. What would this mean for the international monetary system?
The Western-dominated global financial system relies on a slew of internationally agreed-upon rules, norms and institutions that let countries trade and invest in each other. The U.S. exercises a degree of control over the system because the dollar and the U.S. banking system dominate. Should enough countries set up their own digital currencies, they would operate outside the existing framework, undermining the influence of traditional global central banks like the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank.
Bolded: very interesting perspective. Maybe redundant. Russia began creating its own alternative to the SWIFT system, seeking to become more independent after they were banned from it under sanctions. I think some nations could have sought ways to escape US surveillance after the Snowden leaks and similar events. Seeking independence from the dollar and euro could also be a high priority for some as concern over the EU/USA deficit mounts.
7. What would this mean for banks?
In the case of national cryptocurrencies, the blockchain technology would supplant the clearing process now handled by commercial banks, undermining an important revenue stream. Banks would likely retain their role issuing mortgages and other forms of credit.
Another very interesting view. This might be compared to video game consoles where companies like nintendo chose cartridges over CDs/DVDs due to them making additional profits charging developers a licensing fee for using nintendo's cartridge/disc technology. AFAIK banks derive additional profits from the clearing process and so eliminating that abstraction from the equation could come at a loss of $/control for them.