So unbeknownst to me I (the user) am now responsible for determining how my QT wallet makes change and sends Bitcoin in a reasonable amount of time?
You don't. Core estimates this pretty well.
* How do I know what sat/bytes to include currently in this bidding war to send BTC?
You can estimate it using an online tool, bitcoinfees.earn.com. To be honest, I would say Core's estimation is relatively good.
* When I go into coin control, why is it telling me I do not have sufficient funds when I select 3 outputs? I do have sufficient funds!!
The amount that you are sending excludes the transaction fee. Press "Subtract fees from amount" and it should be solved. For the fee estimate, press choose in the transaction fee column and press estimate and select your flavour.
* Do I have to select the same address multiple times under coin control?
How many inputs do you have? You have to select each inputs individually.