Topic: implement by myself my own function signing the transaction (Read 165 times)
Why even use random? Signing operations haven't used random key for ages, the ephemeral key used in signing is created deterministically that would eliminate all the concerns other users raised. The right way of doing it is using RFC6979 which is also used in Bitcoin in ECDSA. If you don't want to implement that and if your goal for implementing this is just testing stuff then at least use a simple KDF or at least a simple HMAC to derive the ephemeral key using the (message hash + private key).
Hi
Thanks for sharing your ECDSA variant.
It's interesting to see how the nonce k is derived using the message hash and how the precomputed tables contribute to the signature generation process too.
I understand that the random.randrange function is used for creating new tables every time a transaction is signed, introducing an element of non-determinism in the signatures. This means that the same message and private key can yield different signatures though, which might be undesirable in certain contexts.
Offline signing( not even using the node at all) is a good approach anyway, so it's already pretty secure.
Thanks for sharing your ECDSA variant.
It's interesting to see how the nonce k is derived using the message hash and how the precomputed tables contribute to the signature generation process too.
I understand that the random.randrange function is used for creating new tables every time a transaction is signed, introducing an element of non-determinism in the signatures. This means that the same message and private key can yield different signatures though, which might be undesirable in certain contexts.
Offline signing( not even using the node at all) is a good approach anyway, so it's already pretty secure.
better?
No idea my friend. I can still see the string random.randrange in the code. Can you tell a coding degen like myself what that does exactly and how it relates to key generation and cryptographic security of the keys? Also, in what way is the second version better than the first one?I am sure someone knowledgeable in these topics will drop by to offer useful comments.
As opposed to the standard ECDSA algorithm(standard ECDSA algorithm), main algorithm takes as input the 256-bit message digest. The private key is not an input of the algorithm; it is freely chosen by the designer, but it is fixed (hard-coded) in the implementation. Algorithm depicts a high-level overview of this deterministic variant of ECDSA, where the deterministic nonce derivation mechanism is chosen freely by the designer.
First, we precompute and store a list of t random point pairs on the curve, i.e.,(Gi,0= [ki,0]G,Gi,1= [ki,1]G) for 1≤ i≤ t. Then, for each pair we select one of the two points together with its logarithm, denoted as (Gi,bi,ki,bi), where bi∈{0,1} and 1≤i≤t.
We add the selected points andthe selected logarithms, obtaining the scalar multiplication
G1,b1+···+Gt,bt= [k1,b1+···+kt,bt]G= [k]G
where k=k1,b1+···+kt,bt. This selection is done in a deterministic way depending on the bits (e1,e2,...,e256) of the hash e, the only source of entropy in the algorithm. Moreover, the selection is done with Fp-arithmetic operations rather than with conditional instructions, so that each iteration only performs Fp operations.
It is worth pointing out that the values ki,j are chosen such that the sum ofmax(ki,0,ki,1)for all i is always smaller than n. That is, we havek < n. Hence,rands are never 0. In this way, we avoid the trivial case.
Post scriptum -> it does'nt matter that is used random.randrange - becouse every time when you would like to sign transaction , it taking new table 0 and table 1 -> as new states , in polynomial function cannot be reversing.
better?
No idea my friend. I can still see the string random.randrange in the code. Can you tell a coding degen like myself what that does exactly and how it relates to key generation and cryptographic security of the keys? Also, in what way is the second version better than the first one?I am sure someone knowledgeable in these topics will drop by to offer useful comments.
better?
ASK:)
ASK:)
Code:
import random
import sys
p = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f
n = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141
E = EllipticCurve(GF(p), [0, 7])
G = E.point( (0x79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798,0x483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8)) # Base point
def egcd(a, b):
if a == 0:
return (b, 0, 1)
else:
g, y, x = egcd(b % a, a)
return (g, x - (b // a) * y, y)
def modinv(a, m):
g, x, y = egcd(a, m)
if g != 1:
raise Exception('modular inverse does not exist')
else:
return x % m
def verify(r, s,z,public_key):
w = int(modinv(s, n))
u1 = int((z * w) % n)
u2 = int((r * w) % n)
D=u1*G + u2*public_key
x,y=D.xy()
x=int(x)
if (r % n) == (x % n):
print( "signature matches")
return 1
else:
print("invalid signature",r,x%n,hex(int(x%n)))
return -1
def decom(e):
e_arr = []
for i in range(256):
e_arr.append(e % 2**1)
e = e >> 1
e_arr.reverse()
return e_arr
def create_table(t):
# input : t -> length of tables ( from 1 to max. 255 this values it depends of bits message hash) - chosed by an user
# output: table_i_0 and table_i_1 -> randomised Points
table_i_0={}
table_i_1={}
for i in range(0,t):
a1=random.randrange(1,n)
a2=random.randrange(1,n)
table_i_0[i]=(G*a1,a1)
table_i_1[i]=(G*a2,a2)
return table_i_0,table_i_1
def make_r_of_hash(hash_values,tableG_0,tableG_1,t):
#Algo:
#round-based scalar multiplication
# decomposite message hash to bits as [0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 ....]
decomp_hash=decom(hash_values)
#Input :the bits(e1,e2,...,e256) of the hash_value (little-endian order) as decomp_hash
#Output: r-coordinate of [k]*G and the message- dependent scalar k
#Start
# Round 1: input e1, k1,0 ,k1,1, G1,0, G1,1 embedded values
# where e1 -> decomp_hash[0]
# where G1,0 -> tableG_0
# where G1,12 -> tableG_1
# R ←[1−e1]*G1,0 + [e1]*G1,12
# k ←(1−e1)*k1,0 + e1 * k1,12
# Generate nonce for sign of transaction using two tables and bits of message hash
e1=decomp_hash[0]
#Round 1
G10,k10=tableG_0[0]
G11,k11=tableG_1[0]
R=(1-e1)*G10+e1*G11
k=((1-e1)*k10+e1*k11)%n
#Round 2:
# input(R,k,ei),ki,0,ki,1,Gi,0,Gi,1 embedded values
# for 2≤ i≤ t do :
# R← R+ [1−ei]*Gi,0+ [ei]*Gi,1
# k←k+ (1−ei)*ki,0+ei*ki,1
# return Rx,k
for i in range(1,t):
Gi0,k1i=tableG_0[i]
G1i,ki1=tableG_1[i]
ei= decomp_hash[i]
R=R+(1-ei)*Gi0+ei*G1i
k=(k+(1-ei)*k1i+ei*ki1)%n
return R,k
def sign_transaction(privkey,message,rounds):
z=message
tableG_i_0,tableG_i_1=create_table(rounds)
R,nonce=make_r_of_hash(z,tableG_i_0,tableG_i_1,rounds)
r=R.xy()[0]
r=int(r)
s=(z+int(r)*privkey)*modinv(nonce,n)%n
return int(r), int(s), int(z),nonce
pr=100
message= random.randrange(1,n)
rounds=10
r,s,z,nonce=sign_transaction(pr,message,rounds)
verify(r,s,z,pr*G)
print("trans #1")
print("nonce=",nonce)
print("r=",r)
print("s=",s)
print("z=",z)
pr=100
rounds=10
r,s,z,nonce=sign_transaction(pr,message,rounds)
verify(r,s,z,pr*G)
print()
print("trans #2")
print("nonce=",nonce)
print("r=",r)
print("s=",s)
print("z=",z)
I have absolutely no coding skills and can't read or understand a word of your code. I don't possess the skills to comment on it.
By browsing through it, I did find the phrase random.randrange that got me thinking of urandom that has often been mentioned on the forum as secure. A quick Google search on "is random.randrange secure" got this as the first result > https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42905980/random-randint-to-generate-cryptographically-secure-keys.
It talks about randint. Again, since I have no idea what it all means and if it's the same thing, I can only write what I found. Those who have commented say that randint isn't secure enough for cryptography and key generation. Do with the information whatever you want and feel free to laugh if it's complete bullshit.
By browsing through it, I did find the phrase random.randrange that got me thinking of urandom that has often been mentioned on the forum as secure. A quick Google search on "is random.randrange secure" got this as the first result > https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42905980/random-randint-to-generate-cryptographically-secure-keys.
It talks about randint. Again, since I have no idea what it all means and if it's the same thing, I can only write what I found. Those who have commented say that randint isn't secure enough for cryptography and key generation. Do with the information whatever you want and feel free to laugh if it's complete bullshit.
Hi I have implement by myself my own function signing the transaction
the code is in SAGEMATH
I have by few months checking is the code have some vulns. In my testing no.
But I would like to ask for crypto experts for veryfy.
before ask : please analyse the code.
Code:
import random
import sys
p = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f
n = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141
E = EllipticCurve(GF(p), [0, 7])
G = E.point( (0x79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798,0x483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8)) # Base point
def egcd(a, b):
if a == 0:
return (b, 0, 1)
else:
g, y, x = egcd(b % a, a)
return (g, x - (b // a) * y, y)
def modinv(a, m):
g, x, y = egcd(a, m)
if g != 1:
raise Exception('modular inverse does not exist')
else:
return x % m
def verify(r, s,z,public_key):
w = int(modinv(s, n))
u1 = int((z * w) % n)
u2 = int((r * w) % n)
D=u1*G + u2*public_key
x,y=D.xy()
x=int(x)
if (r % n) == (x % n):
print( "signature matches")
return 1
else:
print("invalid signature",r,x%n,hex(int(x%n)))
return -1
def decom(e):
e_arr = []
for i in range(256):
e_arr.append(e % 2**1)
e = e >> 1
e_arr.reverse()
return e_arr
def create_table(t):
table_i_0={}
table_i_1={}
for i in range(0,t):
a1=random.randrange(1,n)
a2=random.randrange(1,n)
table_i_0[i]=(G*a1,a1)
table_i_1[i]=(G*a2,a2)
return table_i_0,table_i_1
def make_r_of_hash(hash_values,tableG_0,tableG_1,t):
decomp_hash=decom(hash_values)
e1=decomp_hash[0]
#Round 1
G10,k10=tableG_0[0]
G11,k11=tableG_1[0]
#Round 2
R=(1-e1)*G10+e1*G11
k=((1-e1)*k10+e1*k11)%n
for i in range(1,t):
Gi0,k1i=tableG_0[i]
G1i,ki1=tableG_1[i]
ei= decomp_hash[i]
R=R+(1-ei)*Gi0+ei*G1i
k=(k+(1-ei)*k1i+ei*ki1)%n
return R,k
def sign_transaction(privkey,message,rounds):
z=message
tableG_i_0,tableG_i_1=create_table(rounds)
R,nonce=make_r_of_hash(z,tableG_i_0,tableG_i_1,rounds)
r=R.xy()[0]
r=int(r)
s=(z+int(r)*privkey)*modinv(nonce,n)%n
return int(r), int(s), int(z),nonce
pr=100
message= random.randrange(1,n)
rounds=10
r,s,z,nonce=sign_transaction(pr,message,rounds)
verify(r,s,z,pr*G)
print("trans #1")
print("nonce=",nonce)
print("r=",r)
print("s=",s)
print("z=",z)
pr=100
message= random.randrange(1,n)
rounds=4
r,s,z,nonce=sign_transaction(pr,message,rounds)
verify(r,s,z,pr*G)
print()
print("trans #2")
print("nonce=",nonce)
print("r=",r)
print("s=",s)
print("z=",z)
Your code is not trivial to analyze because it contains zero comments and docstrings, which makes it impossible to understand the purpose of some functions in a reasonable amount of time. On the other hand, if your code works as expected and you haven't found serious vulnerabilities after a couple of months of extensive testing, the only thing that remains is to congratulate you on such an achievement. I have two questions, though.
1) What is the sacred meaning of raising a number to the first power?
Code:
e_arr.append(e % 2**1)
Hi I have implement by myself my own function signing the transaction
the code is in SAGEMATH
I have by few months checking is the code have some vulns. In my testing no.
But I would like to ask for crypto experts for veryfy.
before ask : please analyse the code.
Code:
import random
import sys
p = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f
n = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141
E = EllipticCurve(GF(p), [0, 7])
G = E.point( (0x79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798,0x483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8)) # Base point
def egcd(a, b):
if a == 0:
return (b, 0, 1)
else:
g, y, x = egcd(b % a, a)
return (g, x - (b // a) * y, y)
def modinv(a, m):
g, x, y = egcd(a, m)
if g != 1:
raise Exception('modular inverse does not exist')
else:
return x % m
def verify(r, s,z,public_key):
w = int(modinv(s, n))
u1 = int((z * w) % n)
u2 = int((r * w) % n)
D=u1*G + u2*public_key
x,y=D.xy()
x=int(x)
if (r % n) == (x % n):
print( "signature matches")
return 1
else:
print("invalid signature",r,x%n,hex(int(x%n)))
return -1
def decom(e):
e_arr = []
for i in range(256):
e_arr.append(e % 2**1)
e = e >> 1
e_arr.reverse()
return e_arr
def create_table(t):
table_i_0={}
table_i_1={}
for i in range(0,t):
a1=random.randrange(1,n)
a2=random.randrange(1,n)
table_i_0[i]=(G*a1,a1)
table_i_1[i]=(G*a2,a2)
return table_i_0,table_i_1
def make_r_of_hash(hash_values,tableG_0,tableG_1,t):
decomp_hash=decom(hash_values)
e1=decomp_hash[0]
#Round 1
G10,k10=tableG_0[0]
G11,k11=tableG_1[0]
#Round 2
R=(1-e1)*G10+e1*G11
k=((1-e1)*k10+e1*k11)%n
for i in range(1,t):
Gi0,k1i=tableG_0[i]
G1i,ki1=tableG_1[i]
ei= decomp_hash[i]
R=R+(1-ei)*Gi0+ei*G1i
k=(k+(1-ei)*k1i+ei*ki1)%n
return R,k
def sign_transaction(privkey,message,rounds):
z=message
tableG_i_0,tableG_i_1=create_table(rounds)
R,nonce=make_r_of_hash(z,tableG_i_0,tableG_i_1,rounds)
r=R.xy()[0]
r=int(r)
s=(z+int(r)*privkey)*modinv(nonce,n)%n
return int(r), int(s), int(z),nonce
pr=100
message= random.randrange(1,n)
rounds=10
r,s,z,nonce=sign_transaction(pr,message,rounds)
verify(r,s,z,pr*G)
print("trans #1")
print("nonce=",nonce)
print("r=",r)
print("s=",s)
print("z=",z)
pr=100
message= random.randrange(1,n)
rounds=4
r,s,z,nonce=sign_transaction(pr,message,rounds)
verify(r,s,z,pr*G)
print()
print("trans #2")
print("nonce=",nonce)
print("r=",r)
print("s=",s)
print("z=",z)
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