Ah thank you that was very helpful
Then what have I as a payer got from manually increasing the fee I "want" to pay? This makes it only faster for the miners to get it?
The reward comes from nowhere? There's just 25BTC extra after solving a puzzle?
Meaning only the absolute amount of the fee is interesting for the miner? Makes sense
Refering to mexxer-2 miners generate security keys to secure a transaction. Can I imagine it like the Encryption of a Teamspeak Server? It sais to generate/solve a key of security level e.g. 44 would take thousands of years? Is that what the miners do? Generate keys for the transactions?
Miners generate a merkle root which contains all the transaction, the rest of the block headers are populated with other information and the miner hashes it till the hash meets or is lower in value than the target. This process adds unconfirmed transactions into the ledger, also known as blockchain. It is then finalised and is very hard to reverse after several blocks.