Topic: [INFO] Νέα άρθρα για το Bitcoin (Read 1619 times)

Νομίζω από τα πλέον τεκμηριωμένα άρθρα στα Ελληνικά και κατανοητά στο τι είναι Blockchain σύστημα και τι είναι bitcoin. Απλά ενα μπράβο στον author του!

Blockchain και bitcoin

http://physics4u.gr/blog/2019/03/20/blockchain-bitcoin/

ένα δείγμα της γραφής του

Κανείς δεν είναι ιδιοκτήτης του δικτύου Bitcoin όπως ακριβώς και κανένας δεν είναι ιδιοκτήτης της τεχνολογίας πίσω από το email. Το Bitcoin ελέγχεται από όλους τους χρήστες Bitcoin σε όλο τον κόσμο. Ενώ οι προγραμματιστές βελτιώνουν το λογισμικό, δεν μπορούν να εξαναγκάσουν καμία αλλαγή στο πρωτόκολλο Bitcoin, διότι όλοι οι χρήστες είναι ελεύθεροι να επιλέξουν την έκδοση του λογισμικού που χρησιμοποιούν. Για να διατηρηθεί η συμβατότητα, όλοι οι χρήστες πρέπει να χρησιμοποιούν το λογισμικό που υπακούει στους ίδιους κανόνες. Το Bitcoin μπορεί να λειτουργήσει σωστά μόνο με την πλήρη συναίνεση μεταξύ όλων των χρηστών. Ως εκ τούτου, όλοι οι χρήστες και οι προγραμματιστές έχουν ισχυρό κίνητρο να προστατεύουν αυτήν την γενική συναίνεση.

Από το business insider (συνδρομητικό)


Citigroup has created a new, less risky way of investing in crypto — and it may be a game changer for the industry
Dakin Campbell and Frank Chaparro 12h


* Citigroup has created what it's calling a Digital Asset Receipt or DAR, thought to be the most direct way to invest in cryptocurrencies without owning them, according to people with knowledge of the project.
* The DAR works much like an American Depository Receipt, which gives US investors the ability to invest in foreign stocks that aren't traded on US exchanges.
* The structure would place cryptocurrencies within existing regulatory regimes and give big Wall Street investors a less risky way of investing in the fledgling asset class.

Citigroup may have cracked the cryptocurrency code.
The New York-based bank has come up with perhaps the most direct way to invest in cryptocurrencies without actually owning them, according to people with knowledge of the plans. The structure would place cryptocurrencies within existing regulatory regimes and give big Wall Street investors like asset managers and hedge funds a less risky way of investing in the fledgling asset class.
Citi has developed an instrument it's calling a Digital Asset Receipt or DAR. It works much like an American Depository Receipt or ADR, which has been around for decades to give US investors a way to own foreign stocks that don't otherwise trade on US exchanges. The foreign stock is held by a bank, which then issues the depository receipt.

In this case, the cryptocurrency is held by a custodian and the DAR is issued by Citigroup, the people said. The bank will alert the Depository Trust & Clearing Corp, a Wall Street middleman that provides clearing and settlement services, once it's issued the receipt, one of the people said. That lends an important layer of legitimacy and gives investors a way to track the investment within a system that they're already familiar with, the person added.
The project is a collaboration between the bank's capital markets origination team and the depository receipts services team, the people said.

It's unclear what stage of development Citi is with the project and when it will launch but the bank has already begun to reach out to potential partners. A Citigroup spokeswoman declined to comment on the bank's plans.

Citigroup is one of the largest issuers of ADRs in the world. The bank began issuing depository receipts in 1928, and has won numerous awards for its offering, according to its website.

Wall Street has tread carefully with the burgeoning cryptocurrency market, which is vulnerable to wild price swings, repeated hacks of exchanges and wallets, and a stigma that it enables criminal behavior.

As a result, Citi has held back from earlier efforts to participate in cryptocurrency markets. Unlike firms like Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs, Citi did not immediately clear bitcoin futures trades for its clients and it's kept a lower profile than some of its peers. It also banned clients from making crypto currency related purchases with its credit cards.

But it has been hiring in the sector. The bank was seeking a vice president and senior vice president to explore risks associated with money laundering in bitcoin, cryptocurrency, and other nascent payment technologies, according to LinkedIn job ads posted earlier this year. Bitcoin has often been associated with activities such as money laundering.
Get the latest Bitcoin price

check αποκλειστικα για σενα....θα σκασει το χειλακι σου 
https://txhighway.com/

9. "Hyperinflation is a form of economic disaster unique to government money. There was never an example of hyperinflation with economies that operated a gold or silver standard"

John Nash, a Nobel Prize economist who made significant contributions to game theory such as the Nash Equilibrium and Bargaining Problem, believed that although Keynesian economic policies were, in theory, intended to be for solely noble objectives and general welfare of the people, in practice these policies simply gave governments the ability to literally print money, collecting seigniorage by way of inflation of the money supply. Nash often likened Keynesians to Bolshevik Communists, as he saw that both groups gave credence to the notions of a centrally managed system and a lack of transparency surrounding decisions, especially with regards to the nation-state’s currency issuance.

Nash wrote that by discussing inflation targeting, central banking officials are essentially revealing that is possible to control inflation by controlling the supply of money. Central banks, in their calculations, use a cost-of-living index made up of domestic prices for goods in a given region of their nation-state. Nash introduced a notion he called the Industrial Consumer Price Index, or ICPI, which would provide an international standard for value comparison of goods via a formula incorporating differing prices of goods in a variety of locations.

Nash believed that a return to the Gold Standard was sub-optimal, because he believed that technological changes resulted in increasing unpredictability of the future cost of gold production. He also considered the locations of gold mines to not be “politically appealing” nor ideal, and that a return to the Gold Standard would arbitrarily enhance the economic importance of those particular areas.

Nash’s Ideal Money proposal, in a nutshell, is an idea that although we cannot design a perfectly stable money, a money that approaches ‘stable’ would also approach a limit that would be comparable to an optimally chosen basket of commodity prices. While an ICPI would be a step on the path towards Nash’s vision of an Ideal Money, pegging a currency to the ICPI is not a solution, as it could fluctuate with changes in the supply or demand of commodities chosen for the index, thus necessitating an adjustment process that would be prone to political pressure.

Currently, global reserve currencies face the Triffin Dilemma, resulting in a conflict of interest between short-term domestic and long-term international objectives, such as a desire to increase inflation to spur economic growth, versus keeping a strong domestic currency with stability of purchasing power. Nash believed that money would be stronger if it were put on a stage of competition where it must compete to survive, and improve itself. Nowadays, however, currencies don’t really compete in a typical way like that which results in better products over time, but rather, they sometimes compete in a race to devalue. For Nash, rather than focusing on the utility of money for everyday transactions, of paramount importance was for the global economy to arrive at the same incorruptible value standard.

Bitcoin is seen by some as the catalyst for the evolution of global monetary systems toward something that would resemble stabilizing a currency versus an optimally chosen basket of commodity prices. Some believe that Nash’s writings from 1960’s may have even predicted the emergence of something like Bitcoin. Nash wrote: “Here I am thinking of a politically neutral form of a technological utility. To be quite respectable, in a Gresham-advised sense, money needs only to be as good as other material commodities that might be hoarded.”

H εμφάνιση στη ζωή μας του νέου ανταλλακτικού μέσου (bitcoin), –σχετικό άρθρο του κ. Ι. Μανωλόπουλου 17/2– μου δίνει την αφορμή για μια σύντομη ιστορική αναδρομή των ανταλλακτικών μέσων.

Στην αρχή χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τα βοσκήματα όπως πρόβατα και κυρίως βοοειδή. Ο πλούτος υπολογιζόταν με τον αριθμό κεφαλών βοοειδών, λατινικά capita, νεολατινικά capital, από όπου και ο όρος «καπιταλισμός». Ο πλούσιος ονομαζόταν «πολυβούτης», ο φτωχός «αβούτης», η πλούσια νύφη «αλφεσίβοια». Τα χάλκινα όπλα του Διομήδη άξιζαν εννέα βόδια, τα χρυσά του Γλαύκου εκατό. (Ιλιάδα Ζ 236). Κατάλοιπα αυτής της πρωτόγονης κατάστασης υπάρχουν και σήμερα, όπως το λατινικό Pecunia, το αγγλικό Fee το οποίο έχει την ίδια ρίζα με το γερμανικό Vieh, αλλά και του ινδικού Rupee, εκ του σανσκριτικού Rupa, το οποίο σημαίνει βόσκημα. Στη συνέχεια χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τα μέταλλα (σίδηρος, άργυρος, χρυσός) υπό μορφή πλακών, ραβδίων ή οβελίσκων σταθμωμένων (ζυγισμένων), χωρίς όμως επισήμου εμβλήματος. Ο Δαυίδ έδωσε στον Ορνάν για την αγορά ενός αλωνιού 600 σίκλους (6,72 kgr) χρυσού έπειτα από ζύγισμα.

Περί τα μέσα του 7ου π.Χ. αιώνα ο βασιλιάς της Λυδίας Γύγης κόβει το πρώτο στην Ιστορία νόμισμα (κέρμα καθιερωθέν διά νόμου), το οποίο ονομάστηκε «Ηλεκτρο». (Σοφοκλέους Αντιγόνη 1037), ή λευκός χρυσός (Ηρόδοτος Ι, 50), αποτελούμενο από 73% χρυσό και 27% άργυρο. Το φυσικό αυτό κράμα συνελέγετο εκ του Πακτωλού ποταμού, το όνομα του οποίου έγινε συνώνυμο της αφθονίας. Δυστυχώς, όμως, η εφεύρεση αυτή του Γύγη (νόμισμα) θα αλλάξει στη συνέχεια τη μοίρα ολόκληρης της ανθρωπότητας, μάλλον προς το χειρότερο.

Το 1662 η Τράπεζα της Στοκχόλμης και το 1664 η Τράπεζα της Αγγλίας θα εκδώσουν τα πρώτα φύλλα χαρτιού, των οποίων η αξία είναι κυμαινόμενη, ανάλογα, με αυτή που έχουν αναγράψει και στα οποία έχει επικρατήσει η αδόκιμη ονομασία «χαρτονόμισμα» (ψήφισμα της Ελληνικής Κυβερνήσεως 3851/ΚΖ΄’ 1831), ενώ σωστότερο η λέξη «τραπεζογραμμάτια» (Ιωάννης Σκαλτσούνης 1865). Συναφείς μορφές είναι οι επιταγές και οι συναλλαγματικές Ακολουθούν η εξάπλωση με την πλαστική μορφή, η οποία παραπέμπει σε έναν τραπεζικό λογαριασμό, καθώς και η συναλλαγή μέσω της αναφοράς ονόματος (Pay with Square).

Και τώρα 27 αιώνες μετά τον Γύγη, ήρθε ο «Σατόσι Νακαμότο» να δημιουργήσει το ψηφιακό κρυπτονόμισμα (bitcoin). Πιστεύω ότι το μέλλον μας επιφυλάσσει και άλλες εκπλήξεις. Ιδωμεν.