That depends on what wallet you are using.
Bitcoin Core stores those labels locally on your computer in your wallet file and doesn't share them with anyone else.
If you are using blockchain.info, then they store the labels in their own database, and they have the ability to make the labels publicly accessible to everyone using their website.
In either case, the labels are not included in the blockchain or in the transactions broadcast on the bitcoin network. There is no peer-to-peer sharing of the labels.