There's a lot of conflicting information regarding the safety, or lack thereof, of using SATA connections to power powered risers in a mining rig. Lots of threads give blanket 'yes' or 'no' answers to whether it's safe to do it. However, my research suggests that there is no one-size-fits-all answer.
My understanding is that each SATA connection can handle 54 watts - or 4.5 amps on a 12 volt connection.
Looking at the Tomshardware test results of power draw from the motherboard for something like an Asus RX 570 Strix OC, it appears that it'd be unsafe to use SATA at all (5 amps from motherboard on gaming settings).
However, looking at the results for my AORUS GTX 1080 Ti Xtreme, it only drew 3.2 amps from the motherboard on 'gaming' settings. It looks like we have no issues here and, in fact, significant leeway.
When we further look at the specs for the 6 pin PCIe connection powering the string of SATA connectors, it appears that it can handle 75 watts - or 6.25 amps on a 12 volt connection.
Given the above information, I feel that it should be safe to power two powered risers from each string of SATA connectors powered by a 6-pin PCIe cable. The gaming settings would result in two SATA connectors drawing 6.4 amps from a 6.25 amp rated cable - but my mining settings currently draw 10% less overall watts from the wall when compared to their gaming settings.
Am I looking at this correctly?
You have just pointed out WHY some folks have issues with SATA power on risers and others don't - cards VARY a lot on how much power they draw from the PCI-E bus and there's no way to predict it without actually trying the card model at the specific settings you plan to use it.
Also, a USB-type riser ITSELF uses a little power for the "voltage conversion" circuitry needed to provide the voltages OTHER THAN +12VDC that are used on the PCI-E bus and it's interface, so the actual draw on the +12VDC line could exceed the PCI-E rating for 75 watts power draw from the bus WITHOUT the actual GPU card exceeding the spec (and a few cards HAVE been shown to exceed the spec at least on peaks).
MOLEX connectors don't have this issue - they're rated for 156 watts - the limit THERE is the wiring TO the connector, like on PCI-E power connectors, but the wiring is pretty much always good for at least 84 watts per "molex chain" and often 120.
Also, while the SATA chain might use a 6-pin connector like PCI-E uses, that does NOT mean it's an actual PCI-E connection powering the chain - EVGA in particular specifies it's SATA/Peripheral ports on the G2/P2/T2 series to handle 75 watts per port.
Adaquate to power ONE riser, but more than one riser = LIKELY problems.