Two publications brought
electronic encryption into the public domain. (EDITED)
(The application of
cryptography to computer data.)
The US government publication of the
Data Encryption Standard and
Dr Whitfield Diffie and Dr Martin Hellmans public-key cryptography,
"New Directions in Cryptography"Prior to this
electronic encryption was developed mainly by the military - in secret.
A lot of millitary research and early computer development revolved around the coding and code-breaking of war messages.
i.e. Arthur Scherbius' Enigma electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines and Alan Turing who worked at the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, (Britain's codebreaking centre) who created the "Turing machine" (A mathematical model of computation).
In the 1980s, Dr David Chaum wrote extensively on topics such as anonymous digital cash and pseudonymous reputation systems, which he described in his paper
"Security without Identification: Transaction Systems to Make Big Brother Obsolete".In late 1992, Eric Hughes, Timothy C May, and John Gilmore founded a small group. At one of the first meetings, Jude Milhon (a hacker and author better known by her pseudonym St. Jude) described the group as the “Cypherpunks”.
The Cypherpunks mailing list was formed at about the same time, and just a few months later, Eric Hughes published "A Cypherpunk's Manifesto".
"Privacy is necessary for an open society in the electronic age. Privacy is not secrecy. A private matter is something one doesn't want the whole world to know, but a secret matter is something one doesn't want anybody to know. Privacy is the power to selectively reveal oneself to the world."
The Cypherpunks mailing list was started in 1992, and by 1994 had 700 subscribers
Some notable Cypherpunks and their achievements:
Jacob Appelbaum: Tor developer
Julian Assange: Founder of WikiLeaks
Dr Adam Back: Inventor of Hashcash, co-founder of Blockstream
Wei Dai : creator of B-money
Bram Cohen: Creator of BitTorrent
Philip Zimmermann: Creator of PGP 1.0
Hal Finney: Main author of PGP 2.0, creator of Reusable Proof of Work
Tim Hudson: Co-author of SSLeay, the precursor to OpenSSL
Paul Kocher: Co-author of SSL 3.0
Moxie Marlinspike: Founder of Open Whisper Systems (developer of Signal)
Steven Schear: Creator of the concept of the "warrant canary"
Bruce Schneier: Well-known security author
Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn: DigiCash developer, Founder of Zcash
Dr Pieter Wuille: authored BIP32, hierarchical deterministic (HD) wallets, which makes it much simpler for bitcoin wallets to manage addresses.
Peter Todd: Stealth Addresses
Justus Ranvier: BIP47
Justin Newton: BIP75 Out of Band Address Exchange
Gregory Maxwell: CoinJoin CoinSwap
Chris Belcher: JoinMarket
In 1997,
Dr Adam Back created Hashcash, which was designed as an anti-spam mechanism that would add time and computational cost to sending email, thus making spam uneconomical.
Later in 1998,
Wei Dai published a proposal for "b-money", a practical way to enforce contractual agreements between anonymous parties.
In 2004,
Hal Finney created reusable proof of work (RPOW), which built on Back's Hashcash.
Bitcoin uses the Hashcash “proof of work (POW)” concept while quite a few other cryptocurrencies have implemented a variant known as "proof of stake" (POS).
Nick Szabo published a proposal for "bit gold" in 2005 – a digital collectible that built upon Finney's RPOW proposal.
Finally, in 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto, a pseudonym for a still-unidentified individual or individuals, published the bitcoin whitepaper, citing both hashcash and b-money. Satoshi emailed Wei Dai directly and mentioned that he learned about b-money from Dr Back.
Cypherpunks are pro open-source
Cypherpunks Anti-License (CPL) The CPL is written from a mindset which derides the very concept of Intellectual Property restrictions as being incompatible with a free society.
Sources:
https://www.cryptocompare.com/coins/guides/who-are-the-cypherpunks/https://medium.com/swlh/the-untold-history-of-bitcoin-enter-the-cypherpunks-f764dee962a1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypherpunkhttps://blockonomi.com/cryptography-cypherpunks/https://itsblockchain.com/cypherpunk/https://www.coindesk.com/the-rise-of-the-cypherpunks/Further reading:
http://projects.csmonitor.com/cypherpunkThis is a work in progress - I intend to edit it to include more links and information. Corrections, additions and comments are welcomed.
Contributions:
paxmao amishmanish