So when I send BTC to someone and add a fee to make it go faster, is that the moment in time the miner receives the fee? Or are you saying that the miner already received the fee when the block was solved?
When you send BTC to someone, the transaction is relayed throughout the network. The transaction essentially has the fee embedded inside it and nobody has it yet.
Eventually a miner will create a block and include the transaction in the block that they create. At that time, the transaction will then have "1 confirmation". The miner that includes the transaction in the block that they create takes the fee for themselves at that time. They do this by creating a special transaction in the block called a "coinbase" transaction. This transaction has no inputs and has as the sum of its outputs a value that is no larger than the sum of the block subsidy and all the transaction fees from all the transactions that they included in the block that they created.
Is there perhaps a diagram that shows, upon creation of a block, where the fee goes and at what time?
There may be a diagram somewhere, I'm not sure. I'm not sure that a diagram is necessary. Upon creation of the block, the miner creates a coinbase transaction that pays the fees from the as yet unconfirmed transactions that they choose to include (and block subsidy) to an address that they own.
Because any time someone has something that receives payments, they have something that can be sold,
Right. So once you receive the bitcoins (as a fee), you can sell them.
The price would be determined by the present value of whatever estimated future payments might be received, like an annuity or income from a business. But it sounds like what you're saying is that's not how it works.
Correct, that's not how it works.
In order to receive any payments after solving a block, they must solve another block?
Yes. If they solve another block, they will receive the block subsidy from that block as well as the transaction fees of the as yet unconfirmed transactions that they choose to include in that block when they create it.
Even so, does the miner not then have an asset that receives income, which can be bought or sold?
Yes, they have hashing power. There are miners that sell shares of their hashing power.