-snip-
If through "hex viewer" tools, it's possible with unencrypted legacy wallet files and master keys for descriptor wallets.
If encrypted, you'll have to rely on wallet.dat-compatible tools.
I wouldn't recommend it unless the wallet.dat is corrupted though since you can still use the instructions on an offline machine.
Bitcoin Core doesn't need internet to restore or load wallet.dat files to be able to export the master keys/private keys.
The only update that it'll do is to update the keypool to 1000 with the old keypool intact, it'll remain non-HD unless imported with an HDSeed.
There are other commands that will upgrade, import HDSeed or migrate (to descriptor) the old wallet.dat file.