I don't have a graphics card yet. Would it be possible for me to mine litecoin on a CPU even though it won't be as efficient? What's a good software for this?
Yeah, You answered mining with CPU won't be efficient. Your CPU will to be broken and Your profit is low. But if you want still mining used CPU you can try minergate.
Does mining produce a trickle of coin daily, or do miners have to wait before they complete an entire block before getting any coins?
If mining is in POOL, miners have coins based on shared
Do I have to join a pool or would I be able to do it on my own?
If you think, you can get a block of coins without joining the pool. Yes, you can do it yourself. But if you think, you can not, Go join the pool.
If someone mines bitcoin, etherium, or litecoin, can they then send these coins to their coinbase account and sell from there?
Example: You will mine on POOL (like suprnova) then you send coins to the exchange market (like poloniex) and you can sell it there.
Note: I write exchange market like poloniex don't mean i recommended
poloniex.