Bankruptcy lawyer here, co-signing both of the above posts. This actually happens every day already. Other than debt instruments, compensation for a legal claim isn't inherently priced in dollars. If you breach a contract to supply widgets, a nonbankruptcy court will (absent very unusual circumstances warranting specific performance) award damages in dollars simply because that's what we use to estimate and compensate loss. Same thing with tort claims. In bankruptcy court, specific performance is almost never available.
If someone breaches a contract denominated in BTC and subsequently files BK, the best practice would likely be to file a proof of claim in dollars at the then-prevailing exchange rate. That's what folks do presently if the contract is denominated in some other currency. Bankruptcy courts are rough-justice kinds of places, typically. If the debt would have been dischargeable had it been denominated in USD, it will in all likelihood still be dischargeable denominated in BTC.