What is the importance of hash?Hash is very important to bitcoin because a hash function takes input data and forms a complex mathematical operation on it, resulting in a fixed-size output data. The size of the input data (
also called message or string) is meaningless. What’s important to know is that the output data (
also called digest) is always a fixed length.
If you don't understand what is this hash, this is the example.
every time you create a user account on a website, your password serves as the input of a hash function. Every time you visit that website and enter your password, a fast function is performed on your password. As long as the password matches the stored output, you can proceed to your account.
Hash functions have been used in computational processes for a long time, whether you realize it or not. Cryptographic hash functions are used for several security applications, such as message authentication codes (MACs), e-commerce protocols, and
digital signatures. . Plain text
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. (#) Hash function
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. (#b!c1d&"(#df#!sk84#) Hash text
(
Sorry for using code, I can't use images because I'm a newbie so this is my vise versa 
)
Bitcoin hashing propertiesThe following are important properties that a cryptography-viable hash function needs to function properly:
EfficiencyA cryptographic hash function shouldn’t take a long time to get from input to output.
Collision ResistanceIt’s vital that two different inputs don’t have the same hash output; this is imperative to digital safety. While mathematically this is possible, it’s best if the odds are astronomically long for two different inputs to end up with the same output. In the event two distinct inputs have the same output, it’s referred to as a cryptographic hash collision, making it imperative for a hash to have a strong collision resistance. Otherwise, the algorithm will be vulnerable to collision attacks, which threatens security.
Theymos
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. 10001011100010000110
↙️↘️
The pharmacist Jet cash
Double-spending problem: if theymos sends money in digital format to The pharmacist, the pharmacist cannot know if theymos has deleted his copy of the file and he can choose to send the same file to jet cash.
Pre-image ResistanceUnder ideal circumstances, it’s ideal that an input can’t be found based on the hash output. Any given input should have just one set hash output. If this resistance is absent in a function, it will likely be vulnerable to preimage attacks.
Second preimage resistanceIt should also be difficult to find a second input on the off chance that input shares an output with another input. Functions that can’t resist this are vulnerable to second pre-image attacks.
PrivacyIt’s vital for a hash function to hide input information. It should not be easy, or even possible, to learn information about the input merely by looking at the output.
RandomnessThe final output of a hash function should be randomly distributed. Ideally, it would look akin to a series of coin flips so that a malicious player cannot find a pattern that could lead him or her to the original input.
Proof Of Work (Pow)
A proof-of-work system is intended to deter service abuses like span or the denial of service on networks that require a service requester.
- Cryptocurrency miners tend to use computational work to solve a string of numbers that start with multiple zeros, which is commonly called a challenge string. More zeros mean the mining process will be more difficult. A miner can “solve” a string by locating the response or proof string.
Note; that hash functions are not appropriate for storing encrypted passwords, as they are designed to be fast to compute, and hence would be candidates for brute-force attacks. Key derivation functions such as bcrypt or scrypt are designed to be slow to compute, and are more appropriate for password storage (npm has bcrypt and scrypt libraries, and PHP has a bcrypt implementation with password_hash).
There's a various “
cryptographic hash algorithms” like DSA, SHA-1, SHA 256, MD5, BLAKE, and RIPEMD.
But the compatible hash for bitcoin is HASH SHA256,
SHA-256 is one of the successor hash functions to SHA-1 (collectively referred to as SHA-2), and is one of the strongest hash functions available. SHA-256 is not much more complex to code than SHA-1, and has not yet been compromised in any way. The 256-bit key makes it a good partner-function for AES. It is defined in the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) standard ‘FIPS 180-4’. NIST also provide a number of test vectors to verify correctness of implementation.
In this
JavaScript implementation, the script as clear and concise as possible, and equally as close as possible to the NIST specification, to make the operation of the script readily understandable.
/* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
/* SHA-256 (FIPS 180-4) implementation in JavaScript (c) Chris Veness 2002-2017 */
/* MIT Licence */
/* www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/sha256.html */
/* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
'use strict';
/**
* SHA-256 hash function reference implementation.
*
* This is an annotated direct implementation of FIPS 180-4, without any optimisations. It is
* intended to aid understanding of the algorithm rather than for production use.
*
* While it could be used where performance is not critical, I would recommend using the ‘Web
* Cryptography API’ (developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/SubtleCrypto/digest) for the browser,
* or the ‘crypto’ library (nodejs.org/api/crypto.html#crypto_class_hash) in Node.js.
*
* See csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/toolkit/secure_hashing.html
* csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/toolkit/examples.html
*/
class Sha256 {
/**
* Generates SHA-256 hash of string.
*
* @param {string} msg - (Unicode) string to be hashed.
* @param {Object} [options]
* @param {string} [options.msgFormat=string] - Message format: 'string' for JavaScript string
* (gets converted to UTF-8 for hashing); 'hex-bytes' for string of hex bytes ('616263' ≡ 'abc') .
* @param {string} [options.outFormat=hex] - Output format: 'hex' for string of contiguous
* hex bytes; 'hex-w' for grouping hex bytes into groups of (4 byte / 8 character) words.
* @returns {string} Hash of msg as hex character string.
*/
static hash(msg, options) {
const defaults = { msgFormat: 'string', outFormat: 'hex' };
const opt = Object.assign(defaults, options);
// note use throughout this routine of 'n >>> 0' to coerce Number 'n' to unsigned 32-bit integer
switch (opt.msgFormat) {
default: // default is to convert string to UTF-8, as SHA only deals with byte-streams
case 'string': msg = utf8Encode(msg); break;
case 'hex-bytes':msg = hexBytesToString(msg); break; // mostly for running tests
}
// constants [§4.2.2]
const K = [
0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5, 0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1, 0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5,
0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3, 0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7, 0xc19bf174,
0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786, 0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc, 0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da,
0x983e5152, 0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7, 0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147, 0x06ca6351, 0x14292967,
0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13, 0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85,
0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b, 0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3, 0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070,
0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5, 0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a, 0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3,
0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208, 0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2 ];
// initial hash value [§5.3.3]
const H = [
0x6a09e667, 0xbb67ae85, 0x3c6ef372, 0xa54ff53a, 0x510e527f, 0x9b05688c, 0x1f83d9ab, 0x5be0cd19 ];
// PREPROCESSING [§6.2.1]
msg += String.fromCharCode(0x80); // add trailing '1' bit (+ 0's padding) to string [§5.1.1]
// convert string msg into 512-bit blocks (array of 16 32-bit integers) [§5.2.1]
const l = msg.length/4 + 2; // length (in 32-bit integers) of msg + ‘1’ + appended length
const N = Math.ceil(l/16); // number of 16-integer (512-bit) blocks required to hold 'l' ints
const M = new Array(N); // message M is N×16 array of 32-bit integers
for (let i=0; i M[i] = new Array(16);
for (let j=0; j<16; j++) { // encode 4 chars per integer (64 per block), big-endian encoding
M[i][j] = (msg.charCodeAt(i*64+j*4+0)<<24) | (msg.charCodeAt(i*64+j*4+1)<<16)
| (msg.charCodeAt(i*64+j*4+2)<< 8) | (msg.charCodeAt(i*64+j*4+3)<< 0);
} // note running off the end of msg is ok 'cos bitwise ops on NaN return 0
}
// add length (in bits) into final pair of 32-bit integers (big-endian) [§5.1.1]
// note: most significant word would be (len-1)*8 >>> 32, but since JS converts
// bitwise-op args to 32 bits, we need to simulate this by arithmetic operators
const lenHi = ((msg.length-1)*8) / Math.pow(2, 32);
const lenLo = ((msg.length-1)*8) >>> 0;
M[N-1][14] = Math.floor(lenHi);
M[N-1][15] = lenLo;
// HASH COMPUTATION [§6.2.2]
for (let i=0; i const W = new Array(64);
// 1 - prepare message schedule 'W'
for (let t=0; t<16; t++) W[t] = M[i][t];
for (let t=16; t<64; t++) {
W[t] = (Sha256.σ1(W[t-2]) + W[t-7] + Sha256.σ0(W[t-15]) + W[t-16]) >>> 0;
}
// 2 - initialise working variables a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h with previous hash value
let a = H[0], b = H[1], c = H[2], d = H[3], e = H[4], f = H[5], g = H[6], h = H[7];
// 3 - main loop (note '>>> 0' for 'addition modulo 2^32')
for (let t=0; t<64; t++) {
const T1 = h + Sha256.Σ1(e) + Sha256.Ch(e, f, g) + K[t] + W[t];
const T2 = Sha256.Σ0(a) + Sha256.Maj(a, b, c);
h = g;
g = f;
f = e;
e = (d + T1) >>> 0;
d = c;
c = b;
b = a;
a = (T1 + T2) >>> 0;
}
// 4 - compute the new intermediate hash value (note '>>> 0' for 'addition modulo 2^32')
H[0] = (H[0]+a) >>> 0;
H[1] = (H[1]+b) >>> 0;
H[2] = (H[2]+c) >>> 0;
H[3] = (H[3]+d) >>> 0;
H[4] = (H[4]+e) >>> 0;
H[5] = (H[5]+f) >>> 0;
H[6] = (H[6]+g) >>> 0;
H[7] = (H[7]+h) >>> 0;
}
// convert H0..H7 to hex strings (with leading zeros)
for (let h=0; h
// concatenate H0..H7, with separator if required
const separator = opt.outFormat=='hex-w' ? ' ' : '';
return H.join(separator);
/* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
function utf8Encode(str) {
try {
return new TextEncoder().encode(str, 'utf-8').reduce((prev, curr) => prev + String.fromCharCode(curr), '');
} catch (e) { // no TextEncoder available?
return unescape(encodeURIComponent(str)); // monsur.hossa.in/2012/07/20/utf-8-in-javascript.html
}
}
function hexBytesToString(hexStr) { // convert string of hex numbers to a string of chars (eg '616263' -> 'abc').
const str = hexStr.replace(' ', ''); // allow space-separated groups
return str=='' ? '' : str.match(/.{2}/g).map(byte => String.fromCharCode(parseInt(byte, 16))).join('');
}
}
/**
* Rotates right (circular right shift) value x by n positions [§3.2.4].
* @private
*/
static ROTR(n, x) {
return (x >>> n) | (x << (32-n));
}
/**
* Logical functions [§4.1.2].
* @private
*/
static Σ0(x) { return Sha256.ROTR(2, x) ^ Sha256.ROTR(13, x) ^ Sha256.ROTR(22, x); }
static Σ1(x) { return Sha256.ROTR(6, x) ^ Sha256.ROTR(11, x) ^ Sha256.ROTR(25, x); }
static σ0(x) { return Sha256.ROTR(7, x) ^ Sha256.ROTR(18, x) ^ (x>>>3); }
static σ1(x) { return Sha256.ROTR(17, x) ^ Sha256.ROTR(19, x) ^ (x>>>10); }
static Ch(x, y, z) { return (x & y) ^ (~x & z); } // 'choice'
static Maj(x, y, z) { return (x & y) ^ (x & z) ^ (y & z); } // 'majority'
}
/* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
if (typeof module != 'undefined' && module.exports) module.exports = Sha256; // ≡ export default Sha256
Note; that these scripts are intended to assist in studying the algorithms, not for production use. For production use, check this:(for web cryptography API )
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/SubtleCrypto/digest(And here for crypto library nodes)
https://nodejs.org/api/crypto.html#crypto_class_hashSource;
https://www.[Suspicious link removed] (
https://bitcoinexchangeguide.com/bitcoin-hash-functions/ )
https://www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/sha256.html#src-codePs:all names I provided to this post is my inspiration before I create this, that's why I put their names.
i want also to know if I've improved.
