You asked so many questions on one topic that each needed a separate topic and a separate long explanation.
For this question:
Does it include worldwide trades from the last 10 minutes?
Then, even while doing the calculations for mining, several transactions per second continue to be created around the world.
Are these included? it isn't? Then, based on when will it cut?
You can look at this quote I think you will find a good answer here:
The Block Header
The Merkle root, the identifier of a Merkle tree, is stored in the block header. The block header contains information about the block and includes the following components:
The version number of the bitcoin software
The hash of the previous block
The Merkle root (root hash)
Timestamp
Cryptographic nonce
The target
This is the information miners will use to solve the hash puzzle and add a block transaction.
Solving the Hash Puzzle
Miners must solve the hash puzzle by finding the hash below a given target through the difficulty requirement. The target, stored in the header, is expressed as a 67-digit number that will determine the mining difficulty based on the number of miners competing to solve a hash function. It is important to note that this difficulty adjusts after every 2016 blocks are created depending on how much time it took miners in the previous 2016 blocks to solve an equation. This also helps to maintain the rate at which transactions are appended in the blockchain at 10 minutes.
To solve the hash puzzle, miners will try to calculate the hash of a block by adding a nonce to the block header repeatedly until the hash value yielded is less than the target. Once a mining computer solves the puzzle, a new block is successfully created that is validated in the Bitcoin network after a consensus between the nodes has been reached. When a block is validated, the transactions bundled in it are verified and the block is added to the chain. As indicated above, this happens every 10 minutes.
As there will be many miners (systems) competing to solve the puzzle, the first miner to get the correct hash value earns a reward in Bitcoin. This process allows more Bitcoins in circulation.
You can read the full article here:
https://www.simplilearn.com/bitcoin-mining-explained-article