The obvious answer there is to reform the medical patent schedule. I don't believe that a government created monopoly shourd exist at all, but that is the world we live in.
Sure that would help and I am all for it, but that is NOT a primary driver of cost.
Perhaps not. I'm not in a position to make this argument. Regardless, medical patents really shouldn't exist; and then this issue wouldn't exist either.
You could lop off a big amount of cost in the US system by simply not allowing lawsuits against doctors. Make it so they do not need to buy malpractice insurance. While the cost of this insurance is only about 2% of the cost of health care, the extra tests doctors do in the name of avoiding lawsuits are much greater. Overtesting is a major driver of medical costs.
Prohibition of lawasuits creates other perverse incentives. We have a real world example in the case of vaccines for children. Did you know that you can't sue the manufactuer of your child's vaccine, even if it provablely caused harm, if it's listed on any state or federal vaccine schedule? You can, however, beg permission to sue
the federal government as it has legally assumed all liability for childhood vaccines; but you have to beg such permission from a federal court, and even if you win you're taking funds from taxpayers, not the vaccine manufacter that screwed up your kid. Artificial limitations on civil liabilites creates it's own issues, is a violation of both the non-aggression principle and 1000 years of common law, and is begging to be taken advantage of by souless corporations.
Bump your head overseas and you are checked by a doctor manually (but thoroughly) for severity and if it looks minor you are done. If it is major then you are scanned if available. Bump your head in the USA and more often then not you will be scanned costing nearly $1000 because if anything happens are you were not scanned it is the basis for a lawsuit.
Overtesting is in the eye of the beholder. Again, the US is the most expensive medical care industry on Earth for many reasons, but some of those are contributions to the high quality of care. Sure, odds are good that if you get a good bump on the head, and the doctor sees no ready signs of a concussion, you'll be fine. But what about the times those odds don't pan out? Going with the greatest odds is cheaper overall, but if you're the guy that caught brain cancer early because the emergency room insisted on an MRI after your head injury; odds are better you would be thankful for wasteful uses of medical testing.