There seems to be some misconceptions here. Communication satellites are launched and operated by different companies/organizations, they let you rent "space" in them. The people running the Bitcoin thing, are simply paying for use of a small bandwidth data stream in various satellites. No one is launching anything here, unless you are Elon Musk...
And as i said earlier, if a catastrophic event occurs, keeping the Bitcoin network alive would be the lesser problem. So what if the "meteor" misses the satellite?, who will remain down to receive the signal?, and, who will keep sending signals to it? No, the satellite is not a running node, the actual node is on Earth beaming it up. You can in theory make a true node inside a satellite, but such thing doesn't exist, and it would need to be fed nonetheless with data from other nodes, meaning, an Earth uplink.
The moon is actually a (natural) satellite, but its not geostationary, like Sputnik was or the imaging satellites that keep doing circles instead of staying parked in a position in sync with Earth surface. It is actually cheaper to put a satellite in orbit than anything on the moon, and much much less laggy (closer).
The distance from ground to orbit is actually much smaller than from surface to the planet's core, i know it was a joke, but not a good one. There is such thing as ultra low frequency communications meant to do exactly that, and its not very quick. I believe submarines still use that. There is also the much simpler and old fashioned "short wave" band, signals that simply bounce of the ionosphere. It lets you pick up radio signals from the opposite side of the planet, without satellites.
I guess that there are more important things in life than Bitcoin itself. Food & shelter are primordial things we need to consider for survival. The rest will come later. In an imminent crisis, people won't be looking to use alternative forms of money to conduct their daily transactions. Physical cash is much more accessible to them than anything else. Still, it would be nice to maintain the life cycle of the Bitcoin blockchain no matter what happens in the future. As many have said earlier, we have already have the "Blockstream Satellite" which is more than enough to transmit Bitcoin's blockchain data from space to the Earth.
Establishing an interplanetary ecosystem of Bitcoin nodes, would be something optional than mandatory. Our technology is still not robust enough, to allow the transmission of data from the far reaches of space into other planets of the galaxy. The moon is the only closest planet to Earth, that's highly accessible to us. Maybe sometime in the future, we'll be able to see the idea of Bitcoin nodes in space become a reality. In the meantime, we just have to work with what we have available to help preserve our lives and the longevity of the Bitcoin blockchain.
but in case of an extinction, who is left to even want bitcoin and technologies like blockchain! even if a catastrophe happens that wipes 80% of the planet, the remaining 20% aren't going to even care about "money" (that is bitcoin). they will need food and shelter, basically the very basic needs for survival.
Good point. It wouldn't make sense to preserve a technology that the majority won't be using within a catastrophic event in the future. People will quickly recur to physical cash to buy food, find shelter, and gather supplies. Fiat is much more accessible than Bitcoin in this regard, because of its physical form. With a satellite transmitting the Bitcoin blockchain data from space, we should have nothing to worry about. I think that's more than enough for preserving the longevity of the Bitcoin blockchain for years to come. The idea of Bitcoin nodes in space, is a plus that will become extremely beneficial for Bitcoin if it becomes a reality. But with our current technology, we might not be able to establish nodes on different planets after all.