No.
Because a transaction has no IP address attached to it.
Because if you broadcast a transaction that is spending coins "from"[1] an address you do so to several peers and the TX is no different from those that you relay.
Because your client connects to servers that are under control by a single entity, but the requests are such that they can not link the IP to an address.
Yes.
Because you use a service (e.g. blockchain.info) to handle your coins and dont mask your IP, e.g. via Tor.
Because all the node you are connected to are under control by the same entity. Known as sybil attack.
Because your client connects to servers that are under control by a single entity.
[1] there is no such thing as a from address, its just easier to use the word here. Technically its just another transaction that is referenced.