Topic: Elrond Network - Becoming a regulated ICO - page 4. (Read 1323 times)

@ElrondNetwork  testnet “zero to one” is live

-> link: https://testnet.elrond.com

Current stats after 10000 rounds shows around 60,000,000 txs processed with around 10-20% network load on 5 shards (+metachain) setup and nodes deployed on 6 data centers over two continents

More detailed info stats and setup details coming soon. #sharding #elrond #testnet

In case you have missed the event, you can check it out here 👉  :  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ChjxEI3Ed7E

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Website:   https://elrond.com/
Twitter:    https://twitter.com/elrondnetwork
Telegram: https://t.me/ElrondNetwork

@ElrondNetwork Wallet is here

https://twitter.com/LucianMincu/status/1138545311855599616?s=20

Some final tests and we're good to go!
Countdown starts now!

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Website:   https://elrond.com/
Twitter:    https://twitter.com/elrondnetwork
Telegram: https://t.me/ElrondNetwork

1/ Short summary on the fantastic progress made by @ElrondNetwork  this week ⚡️

Last weeks have seemed like months in effort & results.
We've got a team of superheroes pushing hard to make Elrond a reality.
Community took a cool photo of the team after the testnet launch.



2/ Huge progress on the testnet; many new improvements, fixes and optimizations

Exceeded 12.5k TPS with only 5 shards and 126 nodes; lots of improvements in stability

Adaptive state sharding & Secure proof of stake come with radical improvements in performance


3/ Huge milestone with the Elrond VM - we've finally run the first smart contract in solidity through IELE!

First integration part of the VM is almost done, will probably be up and running over the weekend


4/ Significant improvements to the blockchain explorer

Started with a bear minimum we needed, but kept pushing until we reached the current version

Don't want to brag too much, but this looks sexier than 99% explorers in the space, and it just launched (link: http://testnet.elrond.com) testnet.elrond.com



5/ Huge effort put to have the first version of wallet done, so community can play & send transactions

Mentioned yesterday: backend + frontend have been done, but UX has been taking a bit longer

Currently: UX = ~50% done

Excited to share the version publicly once done


6/ Great progress on the communication side as well

a - Elrond testnet medium: (link: https://medium.com/elrondnetwork/elrond-zero-to-one-testnet-update-41a1b7cfd4b0)

b - Elrond in top EU startups: (link: https://www.eu-startups.com/2019/05/10-romanian-startups-to-look-out-for-in-2019-and-beyond/)

c - CryptoLark interview - (link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tU7-0pdBcI&feature=youtu.be)

d - OhHeyMatty AMA - Elrond AMA - Blockchain For Programmable Money Unstoppable Applications (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l4KmAgCmjPg&feature=youtu.be)


7/ New collaborations coming out with meaningful partners

First in a new series to be announced is the one with TypingDNA - (link: https://medium.com/elrondnetwork/elrond-initiates-cooperation-with-typingdna-a-leading-provider-of-typing-biometrics-solutions-78813eeb42a6)

Great to start this closer collaboration with them


8/ Oh, and there's another thing - take a guess what this is...

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Elrond’s official outlets:

Elrond Community Platform: https://community.elrond.com
Social Mining: https://community.elrond.com
Twitter: https://twitter.com/elrondnetwork
Official website: www.elrond.com
Elrond Github: https://github.com/ElrondNetwork

We thought that with the help of cryptocurrency, we can live in an "island" that is separated from reality and away from the regulating eyes of the government until the industry encountered the bite of so many scams and hacks which eventually changed the mindset of the many. We then realized the wisdom of the saying: "No man is an island." Now, many people are open to regulations as long as the main intention is to protect the investors and not to hinder the growth of the industry. I am hoping that Elrond Network can be showing us the better and balance approached on these many concerns.  

Q: Can you share Elrond’s roadmap for 2019?

A: Stage 1 – Q1 2019 (Inception):



Private Testnet launch with sPoS and Sharding
Elrond Games
Maiar Launch
VM Integration
Business Integration
API + SDK
Stage 2 – Q1 2019 (Fundamentals):



Public Testnet launch
Funding round
Stress testing – capture the bug
Security audit
Hackathon + use-cases discovery
Palintir – Elrond privacy
Elrond dapp store
Elrond Wallet – UX + Alias + Multisig + Timelock
Stage 3 – Q2 2019 (Launch):



MainNet Launch
Token swap and staking
Functional payment gateway
Mobile wallets
Hardware wallet integration
Secure P2P messaging
Stage 4 – Q3-Q4 2019 (Expansion):



MainNet Consolidation
Real world integration
Ecosystem fund
Digital card integration
Elrond DEX in wallet client
Elrond Stable coin economy
Digital identity
Q: What is the main application of your project ? (e.g. cloud computing, file storage, marketplace and anti-counterfeiting, etc)

A: At the core, Elrond offers a platform that brings a 1000x improvement in throughput and speed, leverages its token to become robust store of value due to powerful incentives, and enables developers to leverage its underlying performance. Going beyond this, we add a simple and intuitive user interface, abstracting away the complexity and giving the user  a compelling user experience to a native wallet, connected to payment processors, digital identity app, and a dapp store. Thus, Elrond brings the benefits of blockchain technology to the average user, by dramatically simplifying the user experience while still providing the benefits.



Q: What is the target industry of your project?

A: Because Elrond brings a considerable improvement in infrastructure, we believe that new dapps will become significantly more competitive once built on our technology. Our focus is on 2 main areas. The first one is adding benefits to the user, through wallet integrated in a browser, payment processor integration, digital identity app, and dapp store.

For the second main point, we are exploring the use of Elrond for various Smart Grid applications. To this end, we have a working partnership with Distributed System Research Laboratory, part of the Technical University in Cluj-Napoca, CS Department, where we explore the use of Elrond architecture for decentralized management of demand response program in smart energy grids for some of the largest Energy providers in Europe.



Q: What status is the Project in right now?

A: We have released a new whitepaper update, we have open sourced our prototype node and wallet, and are currently preparing for the private Testnet launch scheduled for March 2019. Please check this in-depth roadmap for a clear overview: https://medium.com/elrondnetwork/vision-roadmap-milestones-bde4542a3047



Q: Why is a native token necessary for Elrond?

A: All activity within our network, including critical security incentives, transactions, running smart contracts, node running and staking, will be fuelled by ERDs. To put it simple, our platform cannot exist without such a native token.

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Elrond’s official outlets:

Elrond Community Platform: https://community.elrond.com
Social Mining: http://bit.ly/elrond-socialmining
Twitter: https://twitter.com/elrondnetwork
Official website: www.elrond.com
Elrond Github: https://github.com/ElrondNetwork

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Q: Hi admin, could you please explain state sharding

A: Sharding is a scaling technique inspired by traditional concepts of database optimization. Also known as horizontal partitioning, sharding divides the data into several pieces placed on different environments to be processed.



In a blockchain context, breaking the network into shards would result in more transactions being processed, verified and validated simultaneously. Each sharding level introduces a certain degree of parallelism, as a result, it becomes possible to process more transactions as the network grows. Implementing any sharding type on a blockchain architecture is extremely difficult.



We can identify 3 sharding types (levels):



Network Sharding represents the process of grouping the nodes into shards.
Transaction Sharding takes the complexity to the next level and deals with the distribution of transactions across different shards, but all the nodes keep the entire blockchain into their state.
State sharding represents the most sophisticated part and is described as a mechanism that allows different shards to deal only with a portion of the state without replicating the data between nodes from different shards. A state sharded blockchain can be seen as a network of fully interconnected blockchains.
Adaptive State Sharding – Elrond’s approach – in order to match the current scalability needs, Elrond introduces a novel state sharding scheme with a dynamic model that allows the network to adapt to population and demand changes without compromising security, availability and decentralization.



For a more comprehensive description please read our whitepaper.



Q: Sort of what would differentiate Elrond from a crowded space that you think would make it a success.

A: We’ve spent a lot of time doing research on the current state of the art - theoretical models and existing implementations, while constantly trying to find relevant improvements. The research phase concluded with a scientific whitepaper that presents in an honest manner a complete set of features, unlike most other solutions. There are very few architectures that theoretically aim to achieve a genuine state sharding and the complexity behind this is yet unsolved from a practical point of view. We propose a tree structure that allows Elrond to implement an adaptive state sharding that has the potential to skyrocket the throughput. Proof of Stake is in its early stages of adoption and we have a unique solution to implement a Secure Proof of Stake that promotes a secured distributed fairness mechanism. We strongly disagree with the statement that there are other solutions that are almost identical because there is a serious difference between those who want to do something and present business or marketing arguments and those who have an idea on how to do it and present mathematical and scientific arguments. Also, please see the Related Work chapter in the updated version of the Whitepaper (R1. R6 from 2 days ago) where we underline our advantages. Furthermore, we’ll wait until our statements are validated through the implementation and then we will think about the ICO. Thank you for your interest.



Q: hey, why your domain was registered just 1 month ago?

A: Our initial name was Mithril Protocol, and our domain name www.mithrilprotocol.com 1. This can be easily verified. Indeed, we had many things built around this name but one month ago, as our launch was coming closer, we noticed there were 2 other crypto projects with the name Mithril, one of which was rather well known. This was not the case when we initially chose Mithril.



So, we decided not to create confusion, and changed our name as an emergency decision. We had 3 new options, but decided to go with Elrond, due to its fitting intriguing origin and immediate closeness to Mithril( both are well known names from Lord of The Rings, with dear meanings to us ). Hence the recent registration of elrond.network as a domain name.



Q: Where is the team from?

A: Most of the team is based in Romania. In terms of incorporation we were exploring Switzerland but have since decided to move to Malta and we are now incorporated there. Malta has passed a law this year that will enter into force in 1st of November, and that regulates blockchain projects, ICO and cryptocurrencies.



Q: How many members are in your team?

A: Our team is comprised of 18 members, you can see their experience either on their linkedin, or on our website: https://elrond.com/about#team. Most of them are in this chat, if you have specific questions.



Q: Can Elrond be used for real-time transactions?

A: Depends on what you consider real-time. Elrond has small latency ~ 5 seconds, we are also exploring other options for faster transactions (probably only available for low value transfers)



Q: Has the security/performance of Elrond been analyzed to a sufficient degree?

A: Theoretical analysis done, but practical analysis needs to be done after testnet release



Q: Is your consensus mechanism proven at this point?

A: Testing, improvements, subsequent to the launch, should things continue to work in the face of attacks, malicious behaviour etc, that’s when it will be considered proven.



Q: Will there be a bounty program about your ICO?

A: We are exploring multiple strategies to enhance community engagement.

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Q: What do you think of the zero revenue model for projects such as BCs. Does the nature of having no foreseeable future revenue model make you nervous about the development of Elrond in 5, 7, or 10 years time?

A: If we take bitcoin as an example, I think things have evolved quite well for them. Despite what you would think now, given all the attacks it experienced, the many obstacles they overcame, bitcoin has gone quite far. Moving one step beyond that, I think ethereum offers an even more instructive example. Once our network is working, its market cap should reach a sufficiently large point that the reserve extends development for at least 5-10 years. At that point, development and governance will likely be very decentralized, funded by the community, and decided by the community.



Q: I know that Elrond wants to rate a block proposer by recalculating at the end of each round, adding another layer of security by promoting meritocracy. Can you provide more information about how meritocracy is going to be calculated, implemented and how is going to affect the random selection mechanism ?

A: Yes, we want to give slightly more chances to be selected as block proposer to the well behaved nodes. Increases in the rating of honest nodes is happening with a smaller step than the penalization in case of detected malicious behavior, think of this as being hard to gain trust but easy to lose it. Note that the rating has limited influence on a node’s chances to be selected, so no matter how high your rating goes, the chances will be capped. You can think of the selection mechanism as a roulette, where each of the nodes in the shard has a slice, larger or smaller depending on it’s stake and rating. When you spin the roulette you would have higher chances if your slice is larger.



Q: What do you think will have to happen in the crypto space in order to get the magical term of 'wider adoption/usage’?

A: There are many theories here, but adoption can only happen through different apps that solve various problems. I think this will come gradually, as we invent new ways of using what we have currently created. The overarching long term need emerging is a new layer in the internet infrastructure, enabling privacy, censorship-resistence and sovereign digital ownership. As privacy on current web apps is being lost, censorship is applied, and people get manipulated, I expect people to start experimenting heavily with different blockchain applications like the brave browser, these new digital assets nobody can take from them, and other applications giving them again control to their data.



Q: Why did you decide to fund the project through ICO rather than traditional venture capital? What advantages did you see in pursuing this route?

A: Being a blockchain platform with its own native token it makes a lot of sense to raise the funds through an ICO. On the other hand, we see the ICO also as an Initial Community Aquisition effort and we believe the support of the community and of the developers is very important to build a decentralized network. Also take into the consideration that the Proof of stake consensus requires the nodes to stake the Elrond token so the trading and liquidity of the token is important to be reached as soon as possible before and/or immediatly for bootstrapping the network.



Q: Ethereum Foundation researcher Justin Drake recently announced, Sharding to be implemented into the Ethereum blockchain somewhere in 2020. On your roadmap it states that you will launch your mainnet in 2019. Are you on track on delivering your sharding solution sooner than Ethereum?

A: Regarding your second question, this is indeed the case. Our whole point is to move fast with our development and be one the first architectures to offer truly scalable state sharding solution. As things are moving right now, we are advancing at a healthy pace. One of our main advantages is that we have a small, determined and nimble team, able to adapt and move fast.



Q: For the team at Elrond, what would success look like in 3 years for this project?

A: Success in 3 years would mean having 100 dapps working on Elrond, having a geographically distributed developer community of 2000 people contributing, having 50k nodes running a sufficiently decentralized digital governance structure, having Elrond integrated with main payment processors allowing for both online and offline usage of tokens. Either this, or one working application with 1 million users/day.



Q: How many transactions per second does your prototype reach? Is it far of the 10,000 TPS you are aiming for?

A: With respect to transactions per second, the main idea with our architecture is that it enables linear scalability. I.e. scalability which grows with the number of shards(and nodes) in the network. This means that our 10k TPS is not a limit but rather an internal goal or threshold after which scalability will be considered a solved problem. That said, we intend to go much higher than 10k, but want to move on a step by step basis. To come back to your prototype question, our first prototype version had exceeded 1k TPS with 10 shards and 250 nodes, which was approximately in the expected range. Still, we have since moved forward and changed lots of things in our implementation and are moving forward toward releasing the first version of our testnet. This should hopefully happen in about 1,5 months(tentative) or a bit sooner. Results for this should look considerably better(3-5x increase in speed). We will offer some more updates on this as we advance.



Q: While sharding has proven to be a scaling solution to centralized databases, how do you intend to implement a safe sharding solution to your decentralized project?

A: To answer your first question, the sharding solution we chose is based on several points which are supposed to increase the security. First is random sampling, so the nodes forming each shard are randomly assigned to shards. You cannot influence the shard you will be assigned to. Also once a node is assigned to a shard, it will not stay there forever, as we do again a random shuffling at the end of each epoch. This helps us securing the network/shards against colluding nodes. Second point is choosing a sufficiently large number of nodes per shard. This is always a trade off between the security of a shard and the communication overhead in order to propagate the information to all nodes. The assumptions we use are for a typical byzantine model, so from our preliminary tests and analysis, 400 nodes per shard should give us a high confidence against takeover attacks (probability is <10^-7)



Q: How’s does the utility of your token essential to your ecosystem

A: Basically all activity within our network, this includes transactions, running smart contracts, providing services such as staking, or running a node will be fuelled by ERDs.



Q: what is confirmation timed diff between same shard tx and intershard tx ? how do you manage to balance wallet address space with regards to each epoch ?

A: On your first question, the confirmation time for a cross shard TX compared to a intra shard TX is larger by at most a delta d=k*r, where r is the round time and k a constant that will be refined later. This k is expected to be somewhere between 1 and 10.



Per your second question, “how do you manage to balance wallet address space with regards to each epoch”. As you can see in the tree structure, each new shard that is added, splits an original shard address space into 2 equal spaces, half remains with the original shard, and the other half goes to the newly created shard. As the tree grows you can see that you never have more than one level difference between each of the leaves (shards). The address space is balanced out when all shards are on the same level in the tree.



Q: Your scalibility is in the number of transactions or in the number of nodes in network?

A: Both. Adding new nodes to the system should not hinder it but help increase throughput [TPS]. Generally speaking, the scalability we are discussing about is based on several criteria. The system must work well when there are few users and nodes, but more importantly when the system has many users and nodes. Network scaling capability can be measured in this case in time it takes from when a transaction is issued until it is committed to the blockchain, which should not increase with network size or users (it increases TPS instead, which allows keeping the waiting time in certain limits). Another criteria that affects scalability is storage size. When you have high TPS, especially when it comes to sharding, the system must be able to manage the associated data volume (a ledger that grows linearly with TPS) and here we are talking about orders of different magnitude compared to Blockchains like Bitcoin. For this, our solution is Adaptive State Sharding and not just Transaction Sharding (which would have solved the good TPS problem comparable to systems like VISA, but we would still have the storage problem). In addition to this, we also implement a pruning solution to further improve scalability on storage. Another point worth mentioning is energy waste. When the number of nodes in the network increases, one has to consider the operating energy cost, and also the cost of being able to participate in the system (the value of the node itself) - which is lower for us since we are not using POW but SPoS (we leave the whole system upgrade race behind and as long as you are not malicious you reclaim your stake).



Q: Reading through the WP and trying to get my head around how you handle the nothing at stake problem

A: Elrond addresses the nothing at stake problem through a blockchain that aims to evolve without forks. The forking is avoided by the selection process inside SPoS( Secure Proof of Stake), our consensus method detailed in Chapter V, Section 2 in the whitepaper. To overcome nothing at stake and other security problems, SPoS uses two important mechanisms: a) 2 separate selection lists (waiting and eligible) b) 2 selection parameters rating and stake. Our architecture does not encourage a block proposing competition that might produce forks, instead on every round, the group members that are proposing and signing the block are well known. On top of that, after each round the group members may perform a stake slashing for bad behavior using the feedback function based on the ratingModifier. During the development phase, as these features will confirm the mathematical theories and the efficiency of the solution, we will post further results, resistance tests and improvements.

Security

Q: Can a shard be attacked?

A: Given enough time and resources, any system can be attacked. One possible way to attack a shard would be to have more than ? malicious nodes into the shard, but this is highly unlikely due to the random assignment of nodes to shards, and the assumptions that no more than ¼ of nodes in the network are malicious.



Q: Are attacks from quantum computing possible?

A: Most of the cryptographic schemes in blockchains today (ethereum, bitcoin, etc) are susceptible to attacks from quantum computers. There have been some advances in cryptography for post-quantum computing and we are investigating this field.



Q: Does dividing the network into smaller shards make it susceptible to Sybil attacks?

A: All nodes are backed by their stake which does not change with the size of shards.



Q: Is it possible to obtain a majority in one shard by pure luck?

A: The probability to get more than ? in a shard is very low < 10^-6 and can be computed by a hypergeometric distribution.



Q: What happens if a group of validators commit an invalid block into a shard’s ledger and it’s the last block of the epoch making the epoch e+1 have an invalid block as that epoch’s genesis block?

A: As mentioned in previous answer, the invalid block will not be accepted by the shard honest nodes, so even if there is a delay in the epoch, one shard having more rounds to reach the end of an epoch with a valid block, this is prefered as opposed to reaching the end of the epoch with an invalid block.



The extra rounds will be deducted from the next epoch, so that delays do not add up. The shuffling of nodes is not affected as the moving nodes are always buffered for one epoch into a waiting list for the shard, together with the new joining nodes.



We are also considering for the last block in the epoch to run a consensus on all the eligible nodes in the shard.



Q: How do you handle the nothing at stake problem?

A: Elrond addresses the nothing at stake problem through a blockchain that aims to evolve without forks. The forking is avoided by the selection process inside SPoS ( Secure Proof of Stake), our consensus method detailed in Chapter V, Section 2 in the whitepaper. To overcome nothing at stake and other security problems, SPoS uses two important mechanisms: a) 2 separate selection lists (waiting and eligible) b) 2 selection parameters rating and stake. Our architecture does not encourage a block proposing competition that might produces forks, instead on every round, the group members that are proposing and signing the block are well known. On top of that, after each round the group members may perform a stake slashing for bad behavior using the feedback function based on the ratingModifier. During the development phase, as these features will confirm the mathematical theories and the efficiency of the solution, we will post further results, resistance tests and improvements.



Q: Are you considering replacing the elliptic curves algorithm with the supersingular one ?

A: Yes, we are examining the current developments in the quantum computing field, knowing that the cryptographic algorithms currently used (not just in Elrond) are not “quantum resistant”. It’s not just D-Wave is working on quantum computers, but also giants like Intel and Google are researching this field. We are also taking a close look at the publications from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) regarding the standardization of signature and encryption algorithms, including isogeny-based schemes (e.g. supersingular elliptic curve isogenies), aimed at adapting elliptic-curve cryptography to the post-quantum era.



Q: About the cross-shard communication, referring to the state sharding here. Assuming a naive mapping of addresses ending in 1 going to shard_1, etc. Let’s say you have a smart contract at 0x…1, if I want to make a transaction to that, but my account address is 0x…2, how does shard_1 “call” on shard_2 to check my balance for example ? I guess my transaction, since it’s going to shard_1 isn’t a problem, but what about calls or messages done within the contract?

A: The states of accounts are managed by the shard they are allocated to, so as you mentioned, if your account is managed by shard_2, then it’s state is known only to shard 2.



There are two parts here, one would be the cross shard communication needed for validation and execution of transactions, the other part is cross shard state requests which currently are not needed by the protocol, but might be useful in smart contracts.



To explain the first part, I would have to go through how normal payment transaction processing is done.



Execution of transaction (minus in the balance of sender) is done first in sender’s shard, as sender’s shard has all means to validate the transaction, afterwards if validated it is included in sender’s shard block and then the header of the block holding this transaction is sent to be notarized by the metachain. After metachain receives all block headers from shards in a specific round, it creates a notarization block with the hashes of all these blocks and aggregated inclusion proofs for all transactions that have been included so far (including the cross shard transaction in question). This metachain block is sent to all shards, including the receiver shard for the transaction in question.



The receiver’s shard has a list of all cross shard transactions as well (as dispatching of transactions is done to both receiver and sender’s shard), so it can try and verify with the inclusion proof from metachain block if it’s cross shard transactions with itself as a receiver shard have been included. All cross shard transactions that passed the inclusion test, can be executed on the receiver side as well and included in a block. No validation is required as validation was already done in sender’s shard by a consensus group.



For smart contracts it is similar. When you execute a transaction from your account to a smart contract in shard 1, the transaction is validated in your shard_2, as it is the sender’s shard, then the balance for your account is updated. Since smart contract is in shard_1, the execution is done only in the second part, after the transaction has a proof of inclusion in metachain block. The receivers shard does not need to revalidate the transaction, as it has already been validated by a consensus in shard_2, and otherwise it could not have been notarized in the metachain. The receivers shard executes the transaction for the receiver, so balance is updated on the receiver side (plus) and smart contract which has the internal state managed by shard 1 (receiver shard) can be executed.



For other cross shard state requests we can serve them on communication channels (topics in libp2p) with merkle proofs. This can be further optimized but right now it is not the focus. We will come back to this and refine after the first versions of the testnet.



Q: I understand that the SC-functionality is maybe a bit off, but I’ll ask anyway, It might be that the call to the SC doesn’t affect my balance, or are we talking about more BTC-like script types of smart contracts than EVM-ones?

A: There’s a fee in every transaction calling a smart contract so it will affect the caller’s balance. The types of supported smart contracts are EVM like.



Q: And if the execution of the contract depends on something in the receivers shard, the contract is asynchronous waiting for communication from the receiver shard?

A: There are two types of SC (smart contract) we are considering : a) smart contracts with no internal state, providing only functionality and b) smart contracts having internal state that changes between calls.



For type a) smart contracts, we can duplicate these in all shards, so each time there is a call to one of these smart contracts, we can execute the caller’s shard local copy of this SC.



For type b) SCs it is a bit more complex.



Simplified solution: We can enforce that type b) SCs are residing in the same shard with its dependencies at the moment of Smart contract deployment. For this we would need to have a clear direct dependency list stated in the smart contract, but this is actually simple, as each language has a way to “import”/“require”/“use”, etc. external libraries. Afterwards a recursive check of dependencies can be done to decide which shard this SC needs to be allocated to.



It may happen that all dependencies are in a single shard, so then it is easy, the SC will be added to the same shard. Another situation would be that the SC has dependencies in different shards, then a reorganization of SCs is needed so that all dependencies are moved to the same shard. The reorganization of SCs will be done taking into consideration the SC load of each shard (this statistics can be accumulated by each SC call with almost zero overhead) in order to keep the shards balanced. This means that the execution of a SC will always affect a single shard.



This solution looks a bit like “yanking”, the difference is that the trigger for this is a SC deployment, which is many times less frequent than a SC call, so the overhead of moving SC state can be considerably decreased.



We can decide as well to do some periodic checks (would be embedded in the protocol) for shard SC execution load and decide to move groups of dependent SCs between shards in order to balance each shard workload.



We are still investigating further optimizations in the deployment and execution process of SCs in a sharded architecture.



If the SC execution needs information from a different shard, which is not coming from another SC execution, then it indeed needs to wait for the response before it is finalized.



Q: 1. curious about node specification in obtaining high tps - you did the tests with heterogeneous nodes? By this I mean having nodes distributed all over the world with different latencies or more like super fast computers with good internet connection and from same region? 2. What is behind sPoS, I mean there are different implementations of PoS in the industry? What is so special about elrond’s to call it sPoS? 3. What is elrond bringing compared to other platforms claiming to achieve even higher tps like quarckchain, solana and many other claimers? They also claim to use evm as most of the projects do. 4. Is there any other innovation or pain point elrond is tackling? Thanks!

A: We did our tests with nodes in AWS in 5 different datacenters, distributed all over the world. We are using T2.medium, average dual core 4GB RAM, so medium specifications.



There are different flavours of PoS, all having the constant of “stake locking”. Delegated PoS has some risks like: bribery attacks and semi-centralization. Our selection function of the consensus group takes into consideration both stake and rating and to further increase the security, the consensus group is randomly sampled every epoch.



We are combining our Secure Proof of Stake algorithm with Adaptive State Sharding. Some of the high performance platforms still do PoW. Most other platforms only do static sharding, while we will dynamically change the number of shards based on the number of nodes and network usage.



The most important innovations we are coming with are the scalability that comes from a Dynamically Adaptive Sharding mechanism, Smart Contracts on a State Sharded Architecture and currently under investigation, privacy aspects...........

Mining/Staking



Q: How are you rewarding block validators?

A: Our fee structure is still in the research phase but we should have some initial conclusions published soon. The basic challenge is that we are trying to find a feasible way of bootstrapping the network by having a compelling economic incentive for node validators, while maintaining a competitive fee structure. More information on this will be published after our initial research has reached a conclusion. Until then we can share this information: In order to bootstrap the network and maintain a competitive fees structure, we are considering using a gradually decreasing inflation threshold to incentivize a specific (minimum) node participation rate. This will slowly transition to a self-sustained fee structure, ensuring an efficient and secure network. Based on initial calculations, this threshold will never exceed 2.5% per annum.



Q: When are verifiers/validators rated? And how?

A: The leader will introduce a special transaction in the proposed block in which his account will have the rating increased by a small fraction (e.g. by 2 units). If the block gets signed by at least ? validators + 1 then the leader will have its rating increased. The validators will have their ratings increased at the end of the epoch by the following rule: the validators who signed a block that was successfully added to the blockchain will have their rating increased (e.g. by 1 unit). The leader caught cheating on a block (+the validators who signed that block) will be slashed in the following rounds. The slashing occurs if some nodes will emit special transactions with proofs to signal malicious leader and validators and those transactions get included in a block. The nodes that detected the malicious leader will get rewarded and have their rating increased. Any node caught emitting false signaling transactions will have their rating decreased. If rating falls below a certain value, stake slashing will occur.



Q: Is there an estimate of the cost of redistributing a subset of nodes across shards every epoch?

A: The cost of redistributing a subset of nodes between shards consists in the network usage and processing power to bootstrap those nodes. The liveness of the network is estimated that will remain unaffected. We are looking into further optimizations to minimize that cost.



Q: How is cross shard communication handled? Who validates the communication?

A: The communication between shards is made through dedicated channels between the consensus groups. The transaction is dispatched to the sender shard and after it’s being validated and included in a block, a receipt is broadcast along with the transaction to the receiver shard through the dedicated channel. The receipt is signed by the validators group from sender shard and the consensus group in the receiver’s shard can verify the receipt information independently.

Technical


Q: What hardware requirements are needed for running a node:

A: A typical node will probably need consumer-grade equipment and a super full node will probably need a multi-core server with enterprise level storage capabilities. It is expected that a super full node will need to have the capabilities of a typical consumer grade equipment multiplied by the number of shards. For a single node, the network requirements will need to be around 100Mbit/s download/upload link and for a super full node, the above mentioned requirement should be multiplied by the number of shards. We have tested the prototype on a broad range of equipments and operating systems. We have found that it works fine on a typical machine (i3 processor, 8GB RAM, SSD storage).



Q: Is it possible to coordinate which shard nodes get into?

A: No, the shard each node gets allocated to is random. The new nodes (entering the system during an epoch) are kept in a pool and are allocated to shards at the end of the epoch by a pseudorandom algorithm. The shard assignment cannot be predicted ahead of time.



Q: What is the size of a shard?

A: There is a trade off between security and communication overhead. For security we would want the shard to be as large as possible. For communication overhead to be minimised the number should be as low as possible. Preliminary experiments show that 300-400 nodes per shard would be a good tradeoff.



Q: Is there inter-shard communication?

A: Yes. The processing of cross shard transactions require inter-shard communication.



Q: Will the nodes know if they are in the same shard?

A: Yes, the nodes will know who the other nodes in the shard are.



Q: Do shards have to trust other shards?

A: There is a notarization chain which is always checked for cross shard operations. Some operations can also be verified, like if the cross shard message came from the correct group, and the group has run a pBFT on the message, etc



Q: Your scalability is in the number of transactions or in the number of nodes in network?

A: Both. Adding new nodes to the system should not hinder it but help increase throughput [TPS]. Generally speaking, the scalability we are discussing about is based on several criteria. The system must work well when there are few users and nodes, but more importantly when the system has many users and nodes. Network scaling capability can be measured in this case in time it takes from when a transaction is issued until it is committed to the blockchain, which should not increase with network size or users (it increases TPS instead, which allows keeping the waiting time in certain limits). Another criteria that affects scalability is storage size. When you have high TPS, especially when it comes to sharding, the system must be able to manage the associated data volume (a ledger that grows linearly with TPS) and here we are talking about orders of different magnitude compared to Blockchains like Bitcoin. For this, our solution is Adaptive State Sharding and not just Transaction Sharding (which would have solved the good TPS problem comparable to systems like VISA, but we would still have the storage problem). In addition to this, we also implement a pruning solution to further improve scalability on storage. Another point worth mentioning is energy waste. When the number of nodes in the network increases, one has to consider the operating energy cost, and also the cost of being able to participate in the system (the value of the node itself) - which is lower for us since we are not using POW but SPoS (we leave the whole system upgrade race behind and as long as you are not malicious you re-claim your stake).

General

Q: What is Elrond?

A: Elrond is a complete rethinking of public blockchain infrastructure, specifically designed to be secure, efficient, scalable and interoperable. Elrond’s main contribution rests on two cornerstone building blocks:

1) A genuine State Sharding approach: effectively partitioning the chain state into multiple shards, handled in parallel by different participating validators;

2) Secure Proof of Stake consensus mechanism: an improved variation of Proof of Stake (PoS) that ensures long term security and distributed fairness, while eliminating the need for energy intensive PoW algorithms.



Q: How does Elrond plan to solve the scalability issue?

A: In Elrond the throughput increases linearly with the number of shards in the network.

Sharding is a scaling technique inspired by traditional concepts of database optimization. Also known as horizontal partitioning, sharding divides the data into several pieces placed on different environments to be processed.

The more validators and shards, the more transactions the network can process. Elrond is performing all network services with minimal energy and computational requirements.



Q: What is Adaptive State Sharding?

A: Sharding is a scaling technique inspired by traditional concepts of database optimization. Also known as horizontal partitioning, sharding divides the data into several pieces placed on different environments to be processed.

In a blockchain context, breaking the network into shards would result in more transactions being processed, verified and validated simultaneously. Each sharding level introduces a certain degree of parallelism, as a result, it becomes possible to process more transactions as the network grows. Implementing any sharding type on a blockchain architecture is extremely difficult.

We can identify 3 sharding types (levels):



1. Network Sharding represents the process of grouping the nodes into shards.



2. Transaction Sharding takes the complexity to the next level and deals with the distribution of transactions across different shards, but all the nodes keep the entire blockchain into their state.



3. State sharding represents the most sophisticated part and is described as a mechanism that allows different shards to deal only with a portion of the state without replicating the data between nodes from different shards. A state sharded blockchain can be seen as a network of fully interconnected blockchains.



In order to match the current scalability needs, Elrond introduces a novel state sharding scheme, called Adaptive State Sharding, with a dynamic model that allows the network to adapt to population and demand changes without compromising security, availability and decentralization.



Q: What is SPoS?

A: In general, Proof of Stake (PoS) concept states that a node’s probability to validate block transactions is proportional to how many tokens it is staking.

Secure Proof of Stake consensus mechanism expands on Algorand’s idea of a random selection mechanism for the validators, differentiating itself through the following aspects:



• Elrond proposes an improvement which reduces the latency allowing each node in the shard to determine the members of the consensus group (block proposer and validators) at the beginning of a round. This is possible because the last block's aggregated signature is used as the randomization factor. In contrast to Algorand’s approach, where the random committee selection can take up to 12 sec, in Elrond the time necessary for random selection of the consensus group is considerably reduced (estimated under 100 ms).



• In addition, Elrond refines its consensus mechanism by adding a additional weight factor called rating. The node’s probability to be selected in the consensus group takes into consideration both stake and rating, promoting meritocracy.



• Elrond uses Bellare and Neven multisignature scheme, which eliminates one communication round in the signing algorithm.



Q: How is Elrond different from other blockchains?

A:

• Compared to Ethereum, Elrond eliminates both energy and computational waste from PoW algorithms by implementing a SPoS consensus while using transaction processing parallelism through sharding;



• Compared to Algorand, Elrond doesn’t have a single blockchain, instead it increases transaction’s throughput using sharding. Elrond also improves on Algorand’s idea of random selection by reducing the selection time of the consensus group from max 12 seconds to less than a second, but assumes that the adversaries cannot adapt within a round;



• Compared to Zilliqa, Elrond pushes the limits of sharding by using not only transaction sharding but also state sharding. Elrond completely eliminates the PoW mechanism and uses SPoS for consensus. Both architectures are building their own smart contract engine, but Elrond aims for EVM compliance to to achieve interoperability between blockchains.
..............

Summer is here but there’s no time for picnic. Elrond #TESTNET is LIVE and exciting things are happening. Find out our latest news on the interview with @TheCryptoLark

Supercharged Blockchain Ready to Shock Crypto Into The Mainstream- Elrond

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tU7-0pdBcI

 

10 Romanian startups to look out for in 2019 and beyond



Elrond – Everything changed when the internet transitioned from dialup to broadband. Founded in 2017 in Sibiu, Elrond brings broadband performance to blockchain. Specifically, Elrond brings a 1000x improvement in throughput, execution speed, and transaction cost. It also improves user experience and lowers barriers to entry for network participation through low computational requirements and staking cost.


https://www.eu-startups.com/2019/05/10-romanian-startups-to-look-out-for-in-2019-and-beyond/

 

1/ ZERO TO ONE - MAJOR MILESTONE FOR THE BLOCKCHAIN SPACE
Elrond testnet has been released yesterday, validating that Adaptive state sharding and Secure proof of Stake work at scale
Just take a look at this beauty: elegant, clean and fast: (link: http://testnet.elrond.com) testnet.elrond.com



2/ With only 5 shards(plus metachain) and 126 node, run in AWS & distributed in 6 geo locations, we have achieved 10k TPS with 6 sec latency
Now devs and startups have a high performance blockchain architecture that actually makes sense for real world applications ⚡️

3/ Elrond testnet is t most advanced validation of State sharding & PoS to date; implementation includes a new blockchain built from scratch, with state sharding, stake + pbft consensus, schnorr sig for transactions, modified BLS for randomness gen, and BLS multisig for consensus

4/ THAT’S 1000X IMPROVEMENT IN THROUGHPUT, UP AND RUNNING RIGHT NOW: (link: http://testnet.elrond.com) testnet.elrond.com 🔥

5/Another major achievement is the Meta VM Elrond brings by building a GO backend to K framework. Through this we will support 3 VMs at the same time for max flexibility: EVM, WASM, IELE + formal verification
IELE has passed all tests and works, so we're supprting solidity alrdy

6/ By the way, huge shoutout to @rosugrigore  and @rv_inc  for building K framework; great tool to build on!

7/ Detailed recording from yesterday's release event can be found here: (link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ChjxEI3Ed7E)
Event structure: intro to Elrond & milestone overview, prototype lessons, testnet achievement, tech demo with live bootstrapping and network testing, and AMA session at the end

8/ Extremely proud of @elrondnetwork  team, and thankful for the effort everyone has put into this. Together we can conquer the world!
Also very thankful to advisers and closer friends who've been supporting us throughout this journey

9/ Elrond grew in many ways due to your feedback; Thank you!
@alexiskold  @alextabbarok @canesin  Andrei Pitis @raulitojordan @unignorant @RosuGrigore

10/ Las but not least, huge thanks to our community for ongoing support and contribution!
We've seen tremendous excitement and growth during the last months and appreciate all the effort we can get.

11/ Next Tuesday we'll let the community play with the wallet binaries, helping stress-test the network + share more info on the network status +  small surprise demo
In 2 weeks we'll have the official Game of Stakes announcement with first proposal for rules and documentation

12/ We have scheduled new releases for the testnet every sprint(3 weeks) but will probably have them coming faster during the next period
Lots of improvements and more complexity will be added shortly
We've just began, and this is just the first testnet version. Onwards!

---

Elrond’s official outlets:

Elrond Community Platform: https://community.elrond.com
Social Mining: http://bit.ly/elrond-socialmining
Twitter: https://twitter.com/elrondnetwork
Official website: www.elrond.com
Elrond Github: https://github.com/ElrondNetwork

Elrond Network ICO Review & Rating
Rating: A

What is Elrond Network?
Elrond introduces a novel blockchain architecture which goes beyond state-of-the-art and is designed for practical scalability via Adaptive State Sharding and Secure Proof of Stake (SPoS). On the one hand our solution offers scalability while preserving security and decentralization; on the other it ensures large scale efficiency and sustainability by eliminating intensive PoW energy and computational waste. Last but not least, we believe interoperability to be instrumental for the future of the blockchain ecosystem, hence we design Elrond to be EVM compliant and cross-chain interoperable.

What are the value drivers behind the token price of ERD?
The main value drivers behind ERD are the underlying technical solutions, such as Secure Proof of Stake and Adaptive State Sharding. The Elrond ecosystem consists of multiple different layers that add value to users of the ecosystem.

Intent Forms for Developers
We have opened two intent forms for any developer that wants to have early access to our testnet [ https://elrond.com/testnet ] and an intent form for presale participants [ https://elrond.com/presale ].


Elrond Network ICO Review and Analysis

Review and analysis of Elrond Network by ICO analysts:

Strengths

    The project has attracted a lot of industry experts as advisors and has strong technical team to reach the milestones of the project
    The written marketing materials of the project seem professionally crafted and are visually pleasant, especially the pitch deck
    Community support is pretty good with 10.6k Telegram members and 1.2k Twitter followers

Potential concerns

    The allocation of tokens for advisors, team members and company reserve is 40% of total tokens, which is a little on the higher side from potential investor’s point of view.


What is the value proposition of Elrond Network?
Elrond is a complete rethinking of public blockchain infrastructure with following benefits:

    High Scalability – Comparable or surpassing throughput as to centralized counterparts
    Efficiency – Performing all network services with minimal energy and computational requirements
    Robust Security – Enabling secure transactions and maintaining security in face of attacks
    Cross-chain interoperability – Enforced by design, permitting unlimited communication between external services

The ERD token

    Token symbol: ERD
    Total supply: 20 000 000 000 (20 billion)
    Whitelisting: Yes

Elrond Network ICO Roadmap

Q3 2017 Technical work begins

Q2 2018 Preliminary technical Proof of Concept finalized

Q3 2018 Elrond Prototype

Q1 2019 Fully Featured Testnet

Q2 2019 Elrond Mainnent

Q3 2019 Elrond Hub

Q4 2019 Valar society

https://topicolist.com/elrond-network/

Campaign: I see Elrond everywhere : https://medium.com/elrondnetwork/campaign-i-see-elrond-everywhere-a46b7fd13a73

As a blockchain startup, we understand the power of community, and therefore have planned a new, more inclusive campaign where all that counts is your creativity.

Before we present the outline of this campaign, we’d like to say that it is intended as a chance to level the ranking field between all community platform users. Even if you registered less than a week ago (or if do so right NOW), you will have the opportunity to catch up on reputation and points.


To get rewarded please upload your creative content on the platform, and share it with our Telegram community. We will only choose and reward the most creative, fun or relevant content.

The duration of this campaign is two weeks. Points and reputation will be assigned at the end of it:
Rank one: 4 reputation + 1500 points

Rank two: 3 reputation + 1000 points

Rank three: 2 reputation + 500 points

Rank four: 1.5 reputation + 300 points

---

Elrond’s official outlets:

Elrond Community Platform: https://community.elrond.com
Social Mining: http://bit.ly/elrond-socialmining
Twitter: https://twitter.com/elrondnetwork
Official website: www.elrond.com
Elrond Github: https://github.com/ElrondNetwork

ELROND TESTNET UPDATE

1/ For the past 1,5 years we've been working on a new blockchain solution designed to brings a 1000-fold improvement in throughput, execution speed and transaction cost In short @elrondnetwork can process 10k+ TPS, with 5sec latency and negligible cost💡

Full: https://twitter.com/beniaminmincu/status/1130529663862939654

TechBullion Exclusive Interview with Beniamin Mincu, CEO of Elrond


What is Elrond?

Elrond is new blockchain architecture that’s designed from scratch to accomplish several things:

(1) Bring 1000x cumulative improvement in throughput, execution speed, and transaction cost-efficiency.

(2) Improve user experience, eliminate required specialized hardware, and enable anyone to run a node and receive rewards.



Many solutions seem promising, but a couple of ideas that work long-term are:

• Scalable parallelization of transactions (adaptive state sharding)
  
• Efficient consensus and fast execution speed (secure proof-of-stake)

Read More https://www.techbullion.com/tech-bullion-exclusive-interview-with-beniamin-mincu-ceo-of-elrond/

Weekly development stats of @ElrondNetwork protocol. Optimized BLS consensus integration, metachain improvements and observer node implementation for blockchain explorer. All this in parallel to #Consensus2019 #NewYorkBlockchainWeek

https://twitter.com/SasuRobert/status/1130025225033322497

Original here: https://www.altcoinera.com/elrond-network-can-potentially-handle-the-transactional-demands-of-the-entire-iot-market/


Elrond Network can potentially handle the transactional demands of the entire IoT Market.

One of the most important technologies of today is the internet of things (IoT). While people can recognize that nearly every household electronic is gaining the capacity to connect to the internet, the IoT ecosystem encompasses much more than consumer goods. Businesses are using IoT sensors to acquire valuable data about their operations, supply chains, facilities, etc., and governments are using them to make cities safer. Thus, it’s no surprise that the IoT market is expected to surpass $500 billion by just 2021.

The internet of things isn’t just growing, it’s also evolving. The number of devices connected to the internet of things is increasing, and these devices are sharing data with each other, enabling the devices to operate better on the network. However, the sharing of data has not reached its full potential and thus the evolution of all things IoT can still be further accelerated. A key hinderance is that, since data is the oil of the digital age, the owners of IoT devices are unwilling to share data for free. Data is valuable and, understandably, those who possess it seek to acquire the fair value for it. The trade of data, though, is slow, inefficient, and marred by the expense of various middleman agencies; this is where blockchain technology can play a pivotal role in the advancement of the internet of things.

By layering the data trade of IoT devices upon a blockchain, tens of billions of IoT devices will be able to abide under the terms of a smart contract and automatically swap relevant data with its fair value. While blockchain technology has the potential to bring an incredible amount of efficiency to the IoT market, the throughput demand of tens of billions of IoT devices is exponentially higher than the maximum capacity of any leading blockchain. The blockchain and the internet of things are cutting-edge technologies of today but for them to be utilized in cohesion, a blockchain must be capable of handling linear scalability. To address this problem, Elrond Network, a blockchain that has been in development for more than one and a half years, utilizes Adaptive State Sharding to deliver a blockchain infrastructure that possesses an unprecedented degree of scalability.

A Blockchain that can handle the Internet of Things

Elrond Network can currently support more than 3,750 transactions per second per shard. This isn’t a theoretical figure, but the delivered performance of the live testnet blockchain. The unique aspect of Elrond Network is that, through Adaptive State Sharding, it can integrate more shards as network demand grows.

Adaptive State Sharding propagates network resource demands to a capacity low enough that even a household laptop can become an active node on the network. These nodes can then be activated in groups, forming new shards capable of processing additional transactions. The network’s linear scalability allows resource supply to match throughput demand. Were a growing number of IoT devices to transact on Elrond Network, the network rewards will increase. As more nodes join the network to benefit from the available rewards, new shards will be activated, allowing the Elrond blockchain to handle a greater number of transactions. Thus, Elrond Network is the first blockchain to possess the technological infrastructure to adjust network throughput in real-time.

Additionally, the Elrond Virtual Machine is compliant with the Ethereum Virtual Machine. This allows the existing IoT solutions that have been developed on Ethereum to be extended on the blockchain for scalability needs. With the aid of the SPOS consensus mechanism, Elrond Network’s scalable nature does not compromise network security. Additionally, the smart contracts operating on the network will be significantly more bug-free as they are formally verified at the point of creation. This will ensure that the automation of transactions between IoT devices will be less prone to bugs or external attacks.

Through the Secure Proof of Stake (SPOS) consensus mechanism, only nodes that have a sufficient stake and network reputation can receive the role of block proposer or validator. Each round, a group of nodes is randomly selected and one of them becomes the block proposer while the others receive the role of validator. The source of randomness is derived from a completely new blockchain for each shard. Each leader signs with its own private key, the previous randomness source; thus, the network avoids all possibilities of bias. Moreover, a block is produced only when 2/3 + 1 validators aggregate a signature to approve a proposed block. Thus, the network is able to maintain practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (pBFT).

The internet of things and blockchain are two of the most important technologies of today and their utility will only increase in the future. Blockchain technology holds the key to greatly improving the data and value transfer that takes place between IoT devices, and Elrond Network is the blockchain that possesses the throughput capacity needed to support the massive volume of interactions that take place between IoT devices. The IoT market is already a multi-hundred billion dollar market and Elrond Network stands at the forefront of delivering blockchain-enabled solutions in this sector.

For more information visit https://elrond.com/
Telegram https://t.me/ElrondNetwork
Twitter https://twitter.com/elrondnetwork
Youtube https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRLKQHcjuWW_-JOZ-DqQTXw

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