First off, I don't understand the law fully, but I'll describe the situation as it seems to be.
If you make between 100% to 400% of the poverty line (around 13k-52k) you receive a tax credit to help you pay for health insurance. This can drop the cost of health insurance for a working class person from $300 a month for a basic plan to around $60 per month making it affordable.
Of course that doesn't mean that this person won't have healthcare expenditures, there's co-pays (you pay part of your doctor visit) and deductibles and other things, especially with basic plans.
Now here's where I think the system is broken. If you make 99% of the poverty line, the government gives you absolutely no help. So you either have to pay the $300 per month for health insurance or pay a fine of $695 or 2.5% of gross household income (whichever is greater)
So you either spend a large amount of your income to get health insurance, or a fairly big fine. About 8 Million people where hit with the fine in 2016.
Now if you're 65 or older, and you've worked for 10 years at a job where you paid medicare taxes, you're covered, I think you're also covered for life if you're military, with the drawback that there are very few military hospitals so you may wait for a very long time.
A few notes, it seems that in most cases there is an exemption for the tax penalty, it is based however on technicalities.
I think this might be the last year where there will be a tax penalty. Starting in 2019 it may be an option to be uninsured without penalty.
That's just the financial side of it.
So, health insurance in the US is messed up.
How about how much money we spend for how much we get back?
I've lived in a different country before the US and I remember the hospitals and the doctors as deeply entrenched into an almost military like system, supported by a lot of government infrastructure in their day job. You'd go in, and you'd get taken care of. You could go to a private practice instead and you'd pay a reasonable amount, health insurance or not.
My experience in the US has turned me away from seeking the help of doctors at every turn. I have what is considered to be good health insurance.
I avoid doctors all together. I've broken a bone that I set myself and I've even sewn myself up. I'd never have done this living in another country. I just don't want to foot a $1000 dollar bill from the ER or have to pay off the cabal of moneymakers that are the gatekeepers of getting mostly substandard healthcare here in the US.
The hospitals are a joke, they feel unsupported by an organized government and even have volunteers on staff. Basically free labor. Some doctors won't give you any more insight then what a few hours of personal research on the internet and will look at you for a few minutes, after hours of waiting. They may expect 500-1500 dollars for this service.
A lot of doctors seem not to really care about the patients, whether they will die or not. A lot more still seem to see their patients as just a source of income.
So this is just my anecdote of what we get, we could get down to numbers but I think everyone has seen the charts. We spend about 18% of GDP, this is about more than double then what most countries spend. About half of it seems to be public and about half of it seems to be private.
We get worse healthcare outcomes than most countries. We're not living longer, we have more disability.
https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/quality-u-s-healthcare-system-compare-countries/#item-u-s-highest-rate-deaths-amenable-health-care-among-comparable-oecd-countriesI don't get it. Why is healthcare such a joke here.