As the spinning, wobbling turning twisting Globe model is a proven hoax and the "Flat Earth" model has its flaws too its time to discuss the alternatives.
As you have noticed this is a self-moderated thread and you will be moderated, if you don't like it, bad luck.
Sun's orbital path on the 21 Dec 2016 (Solstice) 5000 km (3100 Miles) above Tropic of Capricorn.
If she is an actual physical entity remains to be seen. How high the upturn is or how much from baselevel (equator) to Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn will become much clearer on the next equinox, the 20 March 2017.
Aligned with Rockhamton.
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Mr. Bradbury's
The Bradbury UniverseIn the autumn of 1966 a particularly interesting meeting was arranged by the Cambridge University Astronomical Society, England. The speaker was Mr.. John Bradbury, who lived at Ashton-under-Lyne. Mr. Bradbury is not a professional astronomer; he is in fact a chiropodist, but for many years he has been engaged in scientific research, and his findings are, to say the least of it, remarkable. He has developed an entirely new form of mathematics; he has constructed a revolutionary telescope, with which he has been able to observe the stony metallic casing of the universe; and he has demonstrated that the Moon is a small body converged with plasticine phosphorus.
Mr.. Bradbury's lecture was very well received. He spoke for an hour, and then answered questions with calm confidence. It is probably true to say that the professional astronomers in the audience were at variance with some of his ideas-as when he explained how light travels at nil velocity through the sub-semi-vacuum inside the hollow metallic boundary of the universe; but the applause at the end of the meeting was loud and prolonged. Since then, Mr., Bradbury has lectured at other universities also, and on television.
I was delighted when he was able to join me on what was, I think, a fruitful discussion. Mr, Bradbury has so many theories that to describe even half of them would take many hours. Therefore, I will to my best to give a summary of the points which he had brought out in his broadcast and his University lectures.
Mr. Bradbury, as a practical experimenter, is well aware that theories cannot be built up unless they rest upon some kind of observational evidence. This means building a telescope-and an ordinary one will not do; it must be of special design. The Bradbury solution is to use as many lenses as possible, which means, of course, that the amount of light collected will be increased; it is logical to assume that two lenses will collect twice as much light as only one. The lenses need not be large, or of high-quality glass. For his latest telescope Mr. Bradbury has used fifteen lenses, of approximate diameter two inches each. These are put into a tube, as shown in the drawing.
Mr. Bradbury's telescope
Now, each time you add a lens, the shape of the object wonder observation is altered. The brilliant planet Venus brings this out excellently, and in the fifth shape it appears as a cross. More importantly, the telescope is able to show the actual background casing of the universe. There are only two major difficulties with a telescope of his kind. First, the instrument is not easy to use; one has to look through a very small pinhole, and I admit that I personally found it tricky, though this may be because I am so used to looking through my own astronomical telescope-which is constructed upon the conventional rather than the Bradbury pattern. Secondly, the telescope which will show nothing which can be seen with the naked eye, which means that lining it up with a distant object is bound to be rather arbitrary.
Mr Bradbury states that with ten lenses, the instrument has become powerful enough to show the vacuum which lies high above the Earth. Below this is a semi-vacuum, in which the celestial bodies move, and below this again is what he calls the sub-semi-vacuum. Actually, this cosmological view of the universe is rather difficult to put into words, but Mr, Bradbury's scheme of it, given here,
The Universe, according to Mr, Bradbury
should explain what is meant. Note that the outer casing is magnetic a point which is important, and which must be borne carefully in mind.
Before who go any further, let us look more closely at the shape of the Earth. The Flat Earth Society's views have already been described, but the Bradbury version is some-what different, since the Earth has a flat top and a convex bottom; the North Pole lies in the middle, and so, in fact, all directions are south. To talk of "north", "east" or "west" is meaningless. One cannot go as faras the outer edge of the Earth, because anyone who tries to do so will be gently coerced back toward the middle by the unobtrusive but omnipotent effects of magnetism.
Now for some proof. Mr. Bradbury maintains that the apparent curvature of the horizon is an illusion, and I can do no better that quote his own words;
"Take two examples. First, here is a man who lies down in a field and looks up into the sky; the sky then seems the shape of an umbrella. If you get up and walk for some distance, the same thing is visible; you seem to have brought the umbrella-shaped sky with you. Next, consider someone sitting on a deck-chair on the sands looking out to sea. He will see an apparently curved horizon, but the convexity is due to the real convexity of the human eye. The sea, as you will find, always appears at eye level... The sky is solid, and, as has been proved, the background of the universe is solid metallic stone."
Nothing could be fairer than this. Mr. Bradbury also points out that as one goes up, the temperature falls (this is the well-known meteorological lapse-rate); and if one goes sufficiently high, the temperature must fall below that at which air will liquefy. Therefore, at sufficient height- perhaps fifty miles- we must reach a region in which there is intensely cold, liquid air. Above this lies the sub-semi-vacuum which we discussed earlier.
What, then, of the Sun and the Moon?
In the Bradbury universe, the Moon is a mere 220 miles away, so that with the special telescope its apparent distance can be reduced to about forty yards. The Moon is not perfectly flat; it is slightly convex, and is made of carbon. The lunar phases are due not to the changing illumination of sunlight, but to something much more radical. Mr. Bradbury explains that as the carbon-disk Moon moves in a sub-semi-vacuum, it picks up some material such as plasticine phosphorus, which is circulating above the liquid-air zone. When waxing, the Moon collects this material; when waning, it sheds it, and this cycle occurs regularly. Once, in 1953, Mr. Bradbury's telescope showed him a finger like projection from the Moon (see frontispiece), so that evidently the Moon had collected more plasticine than usual. Unfortunately, an ordinary astronomical telescope would not show the projection, and nobody else was able to confirm it. I asked Mr. Bradbury where he could be sure that there was only one finger like projection and not two, but he was adamant on this point.
The Sun, at a distance of at least 400 miles, is further away than the Moon. It cannot be hot, because it it were then we would clearly be enable to receive any heat-waves. Instead, it produces invisible rays which come through to us by way to the sub-semi-vacuum. If actual heat were transferred through the upper belt of liquid air, then of course the air would be melted, and the Earth would experience continuous, steady rainfall-which does not happen.
Day and night can be explained by the fact that part of this material produces alternate transparency and opacity. Light moves instantaneously; theretofore it can be said to have nil velocity, and does not "travel" in the accepted sense of the term. According to Mr. Bradbury, it is made up of three condition of matter, and our accepted ideas of "colour" are all wrong. This can easily be demonstrated.
As he says: "Red light is actually green. You can prove this by plugging in an electric fire. You get green light first, and then the red, which are of course interchangeable. Green is the only true colour, and includes all the other so-called colours of light."
I particularly admire Mr. Bradbury's definition of "light". I asked him what it was, and he replied, simply: "Light is darkness, lit up." Nobody, however orthodox, is likely to quarrel with this.
Tides also have come under scrutiny. These are presumably due to mercury mines in Australia. When the Sun goes below the Earth (still, of course, keeping within the pure vacuum) the mercury is heated; this deforms the Earth, and the ocean tides result.
Since Mr. Bradbury first proposed his theories, men have landed on the Moon-or have they? If the Moon is an extremely small body, covered with plasticine phosphorus and made of carbon only an inch or two thick, it would be rather difficult to land there. There can be only two possible explanations. Either the Bradbury picture is wrong, or else the Apollo astronauts have not reached the Moon at all. Mr. Bradbury favors the latter explanation. He considers that instead of going straight up for a distance of a quarter of a million miles, the Apollo space-craft went sideways, diverted by the force of the magnetic outer casing: had the vehicles continued ina vertical direction they would have met the layer of liquid air, battered their way into the sub-semi-vacuum, whizzed through the pure vacuum, and probably smashed themselves to pieces on the outer metallic casing, producing a sad shower of meteors. He maintains that instead of going to the Moon, the astronauts have actually landed in Tibet. This is a very lofty area, which accounts for the lack of thick atmosphere as well as the absence of life: moreover, the political situation in the East at the moment would preclude any announcement of such a visitation. The return journey to splash-down in the ocean would also be sideways.
Such are Mr. Bradbury's theories. What can one make of them?
That they are wildly unconventional is only too clear. They bear no relation whatsoever to anything in accepted science. Mr. Bradburry himself is well aware of this, and he does not mind in the least. He appreciates, too, that because there is no common factor between his universe and everybody else's, there is no real way in which a discussion can "get off the ground". Unlike some of those who put forward revolutionary ideas, he has no feeling at all of being persecuted or misrepresented; in outlook he is a true pioneer, and his aim is to work away, quietly and patiently, putting forward his theories, building his apparatus, and waiting for the time when his cosmology will replace that Newton and Einstein. At the moment he is beginning serious experiment in photography, using small lenses coated with opaque substances. I have no doubt that the results will be quite fascinating.
I do not personally agree with Mr. Bradbury's ideas. I can hardly be expected to. But I have the greatest personal admiration for him as a man who has had the moral courage to throw overboard every semblance of orthodoxy, and strike out on his own, without fear of any ridicule or scorn which he may draw on his head. As he has shown in his University lectures and in his broadcasts and television appearances, he is ready to go upon his way, absorbing every scientific advance and putting his own interpretation on it. Society would be the poorer without man such as Mr. Bradbury. To me, he is the supreme example of the Independent Thinker.
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