E.g. there is a dump on Bitfinex, then the Chinese exchanges follow that dump. I can't see how arbitrage can work at all in that situation. You then need to transfer from Yuan back to Dollars. There simply isn't enough time to do that.
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My understanding is that fiat & btc is kept in both exchanges by the people doing arbitrage. Buy on one exchange, Sell on the other.
They aren't usually depositing/withdrawing constantly, as you said, there isn't enough time.
Also, i think most of the arbitrage traders are automated bot traders.
This doesn't work. I have done the calculations and could not find a viable way in which this works.
If you can prove that it is arbitrage that is responsible for the exchanges following each-other, then my whole OP is redundant. I contend that when a dump happens on one exchange then the people on the other exchanges follow due to panic/hope.
Arbitrage is responsible from moment to moment, 24/7, mostly with bots, when there is no panic/hope or dump.
When there is a dump, the exchanges follow each other (arbitrage is not the purpose, but to cut losses), because of (1) the people on that exchange selling, (2) peoples call settings they previously set activating, & (3) trading bots cutting losses.
You can't really arbitrage during a dump. If you could, that might be possible insider information and was a pump & dump scheme.