Are those the only fees incurred when withdrawing?
For example if I'm withdrawing 10 MATIC, it says the fee is 0.17 MATIC, does that mean I'll end up with 9.83 MATIC (10−0.17=9.83)?
Is the 0.17 gas fees? If it is then doesn't Binance charge a fee for their service? Or is the 0.17 their service charge and the gas fees will be separate?
The short answer is yes.
It's the only fee and it is greater than the tx fee/gas fee, since it covers it.
For example (from your numbers) it can easily be that the actual gas fee was 0.1 MATIC and Binance keeps 0.07 MATIC for themselves.
However,
be very careful on which blockchain chain you withdraw, because the recipient wallet/address has to be on the same chain, else you won't receive anything.
I am not familiar with MATIC, but, for example, if I want to withdraw Bitcoin, I have to use bitcoin blockchain (BTC or SegWit) if I want to receive Bitcoin. If I select ETH I may have to provide an ETH address and I will probably receive some ERC20 token. However, I never did that because it can cause headaches. The idea is: choose the chain carefully.
Again, I am not familiar with MATIC, but I am not convinced that the withdrawal is supposed to be on Binance chain.