I think I've got it. What really matters is my relative hashing power to the hashing power of the whole world.
If I mine in a pool and I double my hashing speed, I end up with a bit less than 2% (1,98% as bcpokey showed us in his example) of the hashing power of the pool. On the other hand my pool's hashing power is now bigger (it is a little bit more likely to mine a whole block for my pool with my doubled power), so we all in the pool share a bit larger portion of the pie, so I will earn more than 1,98%. I think it shouldn't matter that I mine in a pool or solo because of this. So at the end of the day what really matters is my relative power to the whole world's power. (...and not my relative power to the pool.)
To answer my own question: I won't earn exactly double amount of BTC when I double my hashing speed, and the reason is the same why 1,98% is 1,98% and not 2%. The whole world is just a much larger pool than my mining pool. What matters is the ration of my hashing speed to the whole world's hasing speed, but if I double it, it'll be still a bit less that double. For instance if I would have 0.00001% of the hashing power of the whole world, and I could double it, I would have 0.00002 / 100.00001 (that is ~ 0.000019999998%). The smaller my initial speed is before doubling, the closer I will be to the double income.
That'a why I stopped extrapolating difficulty and such things. The base of my new calculation is that I must extrapolate the overall hashing power of all miners on the Earth (it should be an exponential curve because of the improving technology and improving popularity of bitcoin mining).
gives me a ratio that is easy to use to calculate the amount of BTC I can earn. (I must calculate it as a monthly, weekly, maybe daily average.) If X is the amount of BTC that can be mined in, for instance, 24 hours, and r is the average ratio for that day, then r*X is the average amount of BTC I'm gonna earn on that particular day. (Of course it's not exactly the amount I'm going to earn because of fluctuation in the earnings, luck, etc., but the sum of these amounts over a future period should be quite correct in the long run, as long as my guess is good and the overall hashing power used in the valvulation is close enough to the real.) The value of X is an easier one. Suppose the world can mine a block in every 10 minutes, and the block reward is 25 BTC on that day, so the daily maximum is 24 * 60/10 * 25 BTC = 3600 BTC, and it will be 3600 in the next 4 years.
What I want to say is that I think there's no need to calculate anything else for a future period that the overall hash rate of the world. That's the only value worth guessing for profitability calculations. I would like to know if you see it in another way.