Suppose that you have a $100 bill and 0 reserve requirement, you loan out and deposit back this same $100 note for 10,000 times. You have created lots of transactions and deposit records, but you did not create any money: you still have that $100 bill
So all those transactions are illusions? Is the house I bought with the borrowed money (sorry, it is not money) also an illusion? Is the resulting inflation also an illusion? If I default on a bank loan, will my default also be an illusion?
The money in your bank account statement are illusions, but when you withdraw or spend them, banks must deliver base money, that is true money. If they are running out of base money, they will have a bank run like Lehman. The risk of a bank run normally is low because they can borrow base money from other banks. If you default on a bank loan, it means those base money they gave it to you are forever lost, that will cause a huge problem for them, so they need more fresh base money from FED as bailout.
Once base money entered the circulation, they will never become more, just become less and less through each lending, because more and more of them will be deposited as reserve at FED.
Each dollar the bank loans and the borrower deposits into a new bank account exists in two bank accounts at the same time, so the loaner and the borrower can and usually do spend it at the same time.
Not at the same time. Before the loan process started, that dollar belongs to bank; after that, the dollar belongs to borrower. The borrower then have the ability to spend that dollar, but the original bank lose the ability to spend that dollar, they only have a number saying that customer A owes them that dollar
The money created by central banks is created in exchange for government promises of paying it back plus interest, just like the money created by commercial banks is created in exchange for the promise of private entities to pay it back plus interest. It is exactly the same process, whether the borrower is respectively public or private.
They are very different
Commercial banks can only loan out base money again and again and create lots of checkbook entrys like account statements, but they can not create base money. It they are running out of base money, they must wait for more customer deposit, or sell valuable assets to FED in exchange for base money. For them, the base money they received from FED is as valuable as any other base money, totally exchangeable
However, when FED running out of base money, they do not need to sell assets to anyone in exchange for base money. They just create it out of nothing. On the contrary, they buy assets (for example government bond) with those base money, means those base money belong to them directly after the creation. Can you see the difference here?
The misconception comes from the claim that commercial banks can create money through loaning. In fact, they can only create lots of checkbook entries, but they can not create base money. If this puzzle is cleared, then rest is all clear
Of course, from a higher abstraction level, both commercial bank and FED loan out base money that does not belong to them: Commercial bank's base money comes from other customer's deposit, and FED's base money comes from printing, both stealing but at different degree. Since commercial banks also have their own base money reserve acquired through normal business operations, their lending operation is maybe 50%-80% stealing, while FED is 100% stealing from other social members