Essentially, you're proposing to build a system where 1BTC = 1USD. When the Fed prints a new $Gazillion...
Are you going to measure it relative to some currency that could die?
Stable exchange rate is definitely not desirable.
Linking the Bitcoin to the external system is a horrible idea.
Please refer to OP. Specifically :
Please don't get stuck at this point on how undesirable this is, I'm not advocating for it, just trying to convince myself whether it would work.
There is not AN exchange rate. Are you going to measure it relative to some currency that could die? What if all exchangers going from USD to BTC are murdered by the government and so ZLT exchanges are used? Likely in the future there will be regulated and unregulated exchanges with slightly different prices due to difficulty/risk of arbitrage. Or simply different prices because of different fees and methods of payment.
Firstly if these coins are a globally traded commodity, there will be a single price (up to a small approximation) at any point, just like for any other commodity. If markets are liquid and trading is friction free, the EMH guarantees this. Think of the gold price, oil price etc. If you were to actually go out and try to buy gold you may end up paying a slightly different price, but the difference is far less than 10%.
One argument for why the coins may have greater variation in price than is typical from commodities, is that arbitrage is made more risky by the fact that exchanges are unregulated (The exchange could up and leave with your money). But if the risk of using unregulated exchanges is so great that no arbitrageur in the world can be tempted to take a 10% instant profit when it is on offer, then we can safely assume that the risk is so great that effectively no-one is using the exchanges.
As far as fees are concerned, any proportional fee can be taken into account resulting in an effective bid and effective ask being reported that allready takes the fee into account. Non-proportional or tiered fees are not as simple to handle, but the variation should still be less than 10%.
As long as there is at least one exchange somewhere in the world trading BTC for fiat, the BTC/USD exchange rate will exist. If for example Mt G*x, TradeHill and B7 are take down, but Bitomat still exists, then the BTC/USD rate is simply BTC/PLN * PLN/USD. If no exchanges exist anywhere, the block chain simply keeps going at some preset reward level. The currency still exists and transactions are still processed, there's just no feedback mechanism. But the expectation that the feedback mechanism will eventually re-emerge, means that there still is a feedback mechanism, namely traders trading on the belief that parity wil be the long term result.
Stable exchange rate is definitely not desirable.
Well I'd argue that in the early days of a cryptocurrency, a stable exchange rate is very desirable. Right now, many merchants are hesitant to accept BTC, purely due to the volatility of the market. At the same time, the BTC economy needs to grow if it is to become less volatile. A chicken and egg situation. I'm betting that BTC will bootstrap itself out of this, but it's not a safe call by any means.
One could design a currency that is initially pegged to some weighted average of fiat currencies, but starts to float freer and freer as time progresses, becoming completely disconnected after a pre-determined block number when the market is judged to be big enough to no longer be vulnerable to pumpers-and-dumpers and other speculators.
Similarly, you could specify that the exchange rate control mechanism only kicks in AFTER block X, since the market for the currency will initially be non-existent. This give exchanges time to arise. At the same time, the expectation that exchange rate feedback will kick in at a known block number will keep rates near the targeted level even prior to that block number.