The network consists of nodes. If such a change was decided to be implemented, it would require agreement of more than the 51% of those nodes so the network can fork and implement this change as a valid one.
My technical knowledge on bitcoin is not an expert's one since I'm not familiar with programming. But I'm sure that you can see where this is going. In simple words: if a "central authority" decides to to something like that they wouldn't be able to without the networks permission.
The network consists of everyone running a bitcoin node, you and me could be running a node by having a wallet with the full blockchain in it...
This is not quite correct. Even if 51% of users actually want to change, they still can't force a change upon the other 49%.
A highly controversial change to bitcoin would likely result in a blockchain fork such that after the fork two coins would exist: bitcoin and bitcoin++. Pre-fork coins would be valid on both chains.
Bitcoin++ would trade directly against bitcoin and the market's opinion of bitcoin++ would quickly become clear. For it to become the dominant fork, the economic majority would need to be willing to swap their bitcoins for additional bitcoin++ coins, thereby legitimizing the new chain. However, it isn't logical for the holders of a currency to voluntarily agree to an increase in the inflation rate unless it was somehow to their benefit.
Are there any circumstances where it would be generally agreed that an increase in the inflation rate is necessary? The only thing I can think of is to increase network security should the fees from transactions not be deemed adequate some point in the distant future. Perhaps the economic majority would feel that a perpetual 0.5% inflation rate is superior to 0%, as it represents a direct subsidy to miners who secure the network. Note that this doesn't actually benefit miners, as there is no reason to expect profit margins in the mining sector to increase. It just means that more energy would be directed towards securing the network.
In summary, it would take much more than 51% agreement to change bitcoin's inflation schedule. The economic majority of bitcoin holders would have to be willing to trade out of bitcoin and into bitcoin++, accepting the risk that this new inflating version could collapse sucking all their wealth with it. In other words, it would have to be pretty obvious that an increase in the inflation rate was necessary.