In the material "The Next Financial Crisis," Deutsche Bank analysts suggested that China's rather sudden integration into the world economy in the late 1970s. and a very favorable shift in the demographic situation since the 1980s. could contribute to the creation of a modern situation that has further exacerbated financial crises in recent decades.
The argument is based on the fact that the positive shock in the labor market from China and the demographic data of developed countries between 1980-2015. allowed to control inflation from the outside, as the surge in global supply of labor in the period of rapid globalization reduced wages.
As inflation is controlled from the outside, it has given governments and central banks the luxury of responding to every crisis and shock with increasing leverage, an increasingly lenient monetary policy and the ability to print more and more money. This shock of disinflation, perhaps, "saved" the currency of the currency after the rampant inflation of the 1970s. immediately after the collapse of the Bretton Woods Gold Standard from 1971
If this theory is correct, then any changes in the demographic supercycle can create problems for the monetary system. According to this scenario, inflation will grow from outside on the background of the fact that the working-age population no longer increases.
Central banks and governments that "sought help on the side" with a 35-year structural decline in inflation can not prevent this growth, since raising interest rates to the required levels could lead to a serious economic contraction, given the huge debt burden the economy has to face .
Therefore, they are forced to give priority to low interest rates and nominal growth compared to inflation control, which may mark the beginning of the end of the world phyat currency system that began with the abandonment of the Bretton Woods system back in 1971.
Fiat Currencies and Inflation
Almost throughout the financial history until the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, most currencies were provided by precious metals in the overwhelming majority of cases.
In the previous century or so, these systems periodically collapsed in many countries against the backdrop of wars, and especially during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Nevertheless, countries, as a rule, returned to a certain likeness of the peg to precious metals after high inflation. Figure 1 depicts the global average inflation rate for 800 years, and then stands out after 1900, when inflation rose relative to the long-term period in history.
In Figure 2, this is reflected on an annual basis, and, as can be seen, 700 years before the 20th century, inflation and deflation were roughly on par with the gradual upward trend in inflation.
We live in times of extremely low inflation, whereas history suggests that now is the time of high inflation. Indeed, looking at the graph on the right in Figure 2 shows that since 1933 we have not had a single year of negative (median) global inflation. However, the 35-year disinflationary period began in 1980, which led to a drop in inflation from the maximum levels at the beginning of this decade to what could be the minimum in the middle of this decade.
Inflation since 1971 - loss of control and a positive disinflation shock.
In the first decade of the world's fiat currency systems, after 1971, one of the biggest increases in global inflation in history was noted. Although some of the blame for this was the shocks in the oil market, the fact that the shackles of the Bretton Woods system were lifted and the countries were able to borrow more freely and find ways to liberalize finance and credit undoubtedly contributed to higher inflation. Nominal income from gold was 32.2% per annum in the 1970s. compared with a long-term income of 1.97% per annum since 1800.
However, after 1980, a miracle happened, which many attributed to the Fed under the leadership of Volcker, who tamed the inflationary dragon. Obviously, their tougher policies helped, but was there a global structural history that provided phenomenal disinflation, a fair wind from now on and does it change direction now?
China and the demographic data of developed countries
An effective global labor force began to grow around 1980, thanks to natural global demography and China, which opened its economy to the outside world in the late 1970s. Figure 3 shows the situation of working-age citizens aged 15-64 in the more developed regions and in China, where the second column shows the situation with China before 1980 to reflect its practically closed economy up to this point and an effective surge in the global labor offers thereafter. The impact of this was first reflected in 1990, and this is reflected in the graph.
Obviously, this is a very simplified picture, and considering the world as a whole, it is worth taking into account more countries, not just China, since countries with lower salaries have evolved from relatively closed low-income countries