It's impossible to know how the block reward drop will affect everything exactly but talking about "failing" is absolute FUD. Most likely the effect will be relatively small, in fact I would bet a lot of money that it will be relatively small. Any smart miner knows that Bitcoin price will rise significantly because of the reward drop (it rises because halving of the money supply inflation will raise confidence in Bitcoin's ability to retain value, thus it will lead to more buying). I'm not claiming that it will double but it will certainly compensate.
I don't think this is priced in yet but I would say that it will be priced in months before the reward drop actually happens. So this is also something that smart miners will take into account. Regardless, I'd say that the effect to network hashrate after the drop will be small. Miners will be taking everything into account way before the drop, when they consider investing in FPGA etc. So it's ridiculous to think that right after the drop there would be any significant effect. Most likely hash rate will adjust months before it happens, depending on the price at the time of course.
Let's have a look at a couple of different strategies to see what might happen:
Mining Strategy 1) Avoid speculating. Simply mine and sell coins continuously. Given that the mining difficulty lags behind the mining "effort", halving of the reward rate is basically a doubling of costs. These miners would simply be forced to withhold their coins until they get bids that they're happy with. If they control a sufficiently large share of the total Bitcoin supply, this would force the price up by pushing the "ask wall" to the right and any serious bidder will simply have to cough up more if they want to get Bitcoins.
Mining Strategy 2) Greed. Mine coins and hold onto them in anticipation of higher prices in the future, and only sell when there is a very good opportunity. These guys are more likely to be stacking months in advance, hoping for a large price increase. However, a sudden flooding of the market with cheap coins could prevent a price increase from occurring in the first place. Anticipating this, some may be thinking about taking profits early, "before the rush". The problem: if the miners are all equally greedy, how do they prevent a herd mentality from foiling their plan?
Mining Strategy 3) Speculation. Similar to strategy 2, but the intention is to bankrupt the non-speculators, thus gaining a larger share of future mining rewards. This one is very risky because there are lots of unknowns: assumptions that there
are some non-speculating miners, and assumptions that one's own position is sufficiently strong not to get forced out of the market by an even stronger player who might keep the price low even longer.
Ironically, it seems the "dumb" miners (strategy 1) are the only ones actually making any regular returns, the greedy ones get frustrated, while the speculators end up subsidizing the Bitcoin economy
and risk going bankrupt!
In reality, the mining ecosystem probably has an eclectic mix of lots of different strategies (e.g.: mining and actually purchasing stuff with Bitcoin) so I agree that the actual effect of the reward halving will be unpredictable. My prediction is that there will be a spike in volatility that mostly lags behind the 50 to 25 coin reward change.
I would say that it will be priced in months before the reward drop actually happens.
But how? What will they do?