And everyone should know, it is Federal Case Law that Practicing your Religion in the face of the Criminal Law and under Civil Law, proves your Dedication and Sincerity.
https://www.leagle.com/decision/infdco20090811447
Topic: [ANN] Temple Coin has an International Human Rights Case Against TX, CO & DEA - page 2. (Read 486 times)
January 27, 2018, 08:17:50 PM
January 27, 2018, 08:16:59 PM
42 U.S. Code Chapter 21B: Religious Freedom Restoration
42 U.S. Code § 2000bb - Congressional findings and declaration of purposes
(a) Findings
The Congress finds that—
(1) the framers of the Constitution, recognizing free exercise of religion as an unalienable right, secured its protection in the First Amendment to the Constitution;
(2) laws “neutral” toward religion may burden religious exercise as surely as laws intended to interfere with religious exercise;
(3) governments should not substantially burden religious exercise without compelling justification;
(4) in Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990) the Supreme Court virtually eliminated the requirement that the government justify burdens on religious exercise imposed by laws neutral toward religion; and
(5) the compelling interest test as set forth in prior Federal court rulings is a workable test for striking sensible balances between religious liberty and competing prior governmental interests.
(b) Purposes
The purposes of this chapter are—
(1) to restore the compelling interest test as set forth in Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963) and Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972) and to guarantee its application in all cases where free exercise of religion is substantially burdened; and
(2) to provide a claim or defense to persons whose religious exercise is substantially burdened by government.
42 U.S. Code § 2000bb–1 - Free exercise of religion protected
(a) In general
Government shall not substantially burden a person’s exercise of religion even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability, except as provided in subsection (b) of this section.
(b) Exception
Government may substantially burden a person’s exercise of religion only if it demonstrates that application of the burden to the person—
(1) is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and
(2) is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest.
(c) Judicial relief
A person whose religious exercise has been burdened in violation of this section may assert that violation as a claim or defense in a judicial proceeding and obtain appropriate relief against a government. Standing to assert a claim or defense under this section shall be governed by the general rules of standing under article III of the Constitution.
42 U.S. Code § 2000bb–2 - Definitions
As used in this chapter—
(1) the term “government” includes a branch, department, agency, instrumentality, and official (or other person acting under color of law) of the United States, or of a covered entity;
(2) the term “covered entity” means the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and each territory and possession of the United States;
(3) the term “demonstrates” means meets the burdens of going forward with the evidence and of persuasion; and
(4) the term “exercise of religion” means religious exercise, as defined in section 2000cc–5 of this title.
42 U.S. Code § 2000bb–3: Applicability
(a) In general
This chapter applies to all Federal law, and the implementation of that law, whether statutory or otherwise, and whether adopted before or after November 16, 1993.
(b) Rule of construction
Federal statutory law adopted after November 16, 1993, is subject to this chapter unless such law explicitly excludes such application by reference to this chapter.
(c) Religious belief unaffected
Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to authorize any government to burden any religious belief.
42 U.S. Code § 2000bb - Congressional findings and declaration of purposes
(a) Findings
The Congress finds that—
(1) the framers of the Constitution, recognizing free exercise of religion as an unalienable right, secured its protection in the First Amendment to the Constitution;
(2) laws “neutral” toward religion may burden religious exercise as surely as laws intended to interfere with religious exercise;
(3) governments should not substantially burden religious exercise without compelling justification;
(4) in Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990) the Supreme Court virtually eliminated the requirement that the government justify burdens on religious exercise imposed by laws neutral toward religion; and
(5) the compelling interest test as set forth in prior Federal court rulings is a workable test for striking sensible balances between religious liberty and competing prior governmental interests.
(b) Purposes
The purposes of this chapter are—
(1) to restore the compelling interest test as set forth in Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963) and Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972) and to guarantee its application in all cases where free exercise of religion is substantially burdened; and
(2) to provide a claim or defense to persons whose religious exercise is substantially burdened by government.
42 U.S. Code § 2000bb–1 - Free exercise of religion protected
(a) In general
Government shall not substantially burden a person’s exercise of religion even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability, except as provided in subsection (b) of this section.
(b) Exception
Government may substantially burden a person’s exercise of religion only if it demonstrates that application of the burden to the person—
(1) is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and
(2) is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest.
(c) Judicial relief
A person whose religious exercise has been burdened in violation of this section may assert that violation as a claim or defense in a judicial proceeding and obtain appropriate relief against a government. Standing to assert a claim or defense under this section shall be governed by the general rules of standing under article III of the Constitution.
42 U.S. Code § 2000bb–2 - Definitions
As used in this chapter—
(1) the term “government” includes a branch, department, agency, instrumentality, and official (or other person acting under color of law) of the United States, or of a covered entity;
(2) the term “covered entity” means the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and each territory and possession of the United States;
(3) the term “demonstrates” means meets the burdens of going forward with the evidence and of persuasion; and
(4) the term “exercise of religion” means religious exercise, as defined in section 2000cc–5 of this title.
42 U.S. Code § 2000bb–3: Applicability
(a) In general
This chapter applies to all Federal law, and the implementation of that law, whether statutory or otherwise, and whether adopted before or after November 16, 1993.
(b) Rule of construction
Federal statutory law adopted after November 16, 1993, is subject to this chapter unless such law explicitly excludes such application by reference to this chapter.
(c) Religious belief unaffected
Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to authorize any government to burden any religious belief.
January 27, 2018, 08:14:39 PM
It is a Federal Crime to Obstruct Religion
18 U.S. Code § 247 - Damage to religious property; obstruction of persons in the free exercise of religious beliefs
(a) Whoever, in any of the circumstances referred to in subsection (b) of this section—
(1) intentionally defaces, damages, or destroys any religious real property, because of the religious character of that property, or attempts to do so; or
(2) intentionally obstructs, by force or threat of force, any person in the enjoyment of that person’s free exercise of religious beliefs, or attempts to do so;
shall be punished as provided in subsection (d).
(b) The circumstances referred to in subsection (a) are that the offense is in or affects interstate or foreign commerce.
(c) Whoever intentionally defaces, damages, or destroys any religious real property because of the race, color, or ethnic characteristics of any individual associated with that religious property, or attempts to do so, shall be punished as provided in subsection (d).
(d) The punishment for a violation of subsection (a) of this section shall be—
(1) if death results from acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, a fine in accordance with this title and imprisonment for any term of years or for life, or both, or may be sentenced to death;
(2) if bodily injury results to any person, including any public safety officer performing duties as a direct or proximate result of conduct prohibited by this section, and the violation is by means of fire or an explosive, a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more that 40 years, or both;
(3) if bodily injury to any person, including any public safety officer performing duties as a direct or proximate result of conduct prohibited by this section, results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire, a fine in accordance with this title and imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both; and
(4) in any other case, a fine in accordance with this title and imprisonment for not more than one year, or both.
(e) No prosecution of any offense described in this section shall be undertaken by the United States except upon the certification in writing of the Attorney General or his designee that in his judgment a prosecution by the United States is in the public interest and necessary to secure substantial justice.
(f) As used in this section, the term “religious real property” means any church, synagogue, mosque, religious cemetery, or other religious real property, including fixtures or religious objects contained within a place of religious worship.
(g) No person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any noncapital offense under this section unless the indictment is found or the information is instituted not later than 7 years after the date on which the offense was committed.
18 U.S. Code § 247 - Damage to religious property; obstruction of persons in the free exercise of religious beliefs
(a) Whoever, in any of the circumstances referred to in subsection (b) of this section—
(1) intentionally defaces, damages, or destroys any religious real property, because of the religious character of that property, or attempts to do so; or
(2) intentionally obstructs, by force or threat of force, any person in the enjoyment of that person’s free exercise of religious beliefs, or attempts to do so;
shall be punished as provided in subsection (d).
(b) The circumstances referred to in subsection (a) are that the offense is in or affects interstate or foreign commerce.
(c) Whoever intentionally defaces, damages, or destroys any religious real property because of the race, color, or ethnic characteristics of any individual associated with that religious property, or attempts to do so, shall be punished as provided in subsection (d).
(d) The punishment for a violation of subsection (a) of this section shall be—
(1) if death results from acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, a fine in accordance with this title and imprisonment for any term of years or for life, or both, or may be sentenced to death;
(2) if bodily injury results to any person, including any public safety officer performing duties as a direct or proximate result of conduct prohibited by this section, and the violation is by means of fire or an explosive, a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more that 40 years, or both;
(3) if bodily injury to any person, including any public safety officer performing duties as a direct or proximate result of conduct prohibited by this section, results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire, a fine in accordance with this title and imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both; and
(4) in any other case, a fine in accordance with this title and imprisonment for not more than one year, or both.
(e) No prosecution of any offense described in this section shall be undertaken by the United States except upon the certification in writing of the Attorney General or his designee that in his judgment a prosecution by the United States is in the public interest and necessary to secure substantial justice.
(f) As used in this section, the term “religious real property” means any church, synagogue, mosque, religious cemetery, or other religious real property, including fixtures or religious objects contained within a place of religious worship.
(g) No person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any noncapital offense under this section unless the indictment is found or the information is instituted not later than 7 years after the date on which the offense was committed.
January 27, 2018, 08:12:31 PM
Thomas Jefferson
"These Resolutions were undoubtedly drafted prior to 19 Nov., for on that date the House adopted the following:
Resolved,… that all and every act or statute, either of the parliament of England or of Great Britain, by whatever title known or distinguished, which renders criminal the maintaining any opinions in matters of religion, forbearing to repair to church, or the exercising any mode of worship whatsoever, or which prescribes punishments for the same, ought to be declared henceforth of no validity or force within this Commonwealth.
Resolved,That so much of an act of Assembly made in the 4th year of the reign of queen Anne, intituled An act for the effectual suppression of vice, and restraint and punishment of blasphemous, wicked, and dissolute persons, as inflicts certain additional penalties on any person or persons convicted a second time of any of the offences described in the first clause of the said act, ought to be repealed.
Resolved, That so much of the petitions of the several dissenters from the Church established by law within this Commonwealth, as desires an exemption from all taxes and contributions whatever towards supporting the said church and the ministers thereof, or towards the support of their respective religious societies in any other way than themselves shall voluntarily agree, is reasonable.
Resolved, That the several acts of Assembly, making provision for the support of the clergy, ought to be repealed, securing to the present incumbents all arrears of salary, and to the vestries a power of levying for performance of their contracts.
Resolved, That a reservation ought to be made to the use of the said church, in all time coming, of the tracts of glebe lands already purchased, the churches and chapels already built for the use of the several parishes, and of all plate belonging to or appropriated to the use of the said church, and all arrears of money or tobacco arising from former assessments; and that there should be reserved to such parishes as have received private donations, for the support of the said church and its ministers, the perpetual benefit of such donations”
"These Resolutions were undoubtedly drafted prior to 19 Nov., for on that date the House adopted the following:
Resolved,… that all and every act or statute, either of the parliament of England or of Great Britain, by whatever title known or distinguished, which renders criminal the maintaining any opinions in matters of religion, forbearing to repair to church, or the exercising any mode of worship whatsoever, or which prescribes punishments for the same, ought to be declared henceforth of no validity or force within this Commonwealth.
Resolved,That so much of an act of Assembly made in the 4th year of the reign of queen Anne, intituled An act for the effectual suppression of vice, and restraint and punishment of blasphemous, wicked, and dissolute persons, as inflicts certain additional penalties on any person or persons convicted a second time of any of the offences described in the first clause of the said act, ought to be repealed.
Resolved, That so much of the petitions of the several dissenters from the Church established by law within this Commonwealth, as desires an exemption from all taxes and contributions whatever towards supporting the said church and the ministers thereof, or towards the support of their respective religious societies in any other way than themselves shall voluntarily agree, is reasonable.
Resolved, That the several acts of Assembly, making provision for the support of the clergy, ought to be repealed, securing to the present incumbents all arrears of salary, and to the vestries a power of levying for performance of their contracts.
Resolved, That a reservation ought to be made to the use of the said church, in all time coming, of the tracts of glebe lands already purchased, the churches and chapels already built for the use of the several parishes, and of all plate belonging to or appropriated to the use of the said church, and all arrears of money or tobacco arising from former assessments; and that there should be reserved to such parishes as have received private donations, for the support of the said church and its ministers, the perpetual benefit of such donations”
January 27, 2018, 08:11:25 PM
Thomas Jefferson
“Commonwealth is ‘a society of men constituted for preserving their civil interests.’ interests are ‘life, health, indolency of body, liberty, property.’ the magistrate’s jurisdn. extends only to civil rights and from these considns.: the magistrate has no power but wt. ye. people gave hm. the people hv. nt. givn. hm. the care of souls bec. y cd. nt., y. cd. nt. because no man hs. right to abandon ye. care of his salvation to another. no man has power to let another prescribe his faith. faith is not faith witht. believing. no man can conform his faith to the dictates of another. the life & essence of religion consists in the internal persuasion or belief of the mind.”
“[a church] is ‘a voluntary society of men, joining [themselves] together of their own accord, in order to the [publick] worshipping of god in such a manner as they judge [accept]able to him & effectual to the salvation of their souls. [it is] voluntary because no man is by nature bound to any church. the hopes of salvation is the cause of his entering into it. if he find any thing wrong in it, he [sh]ould be as free to go out as he was to come in.
[w]hat is the power of that church &c.? as it is a society it must have some laws for it’s regulation. time & place of meeting, admitting & excluding members &c. must be regulated.
but as it was a spontaneous joining of members, it follows that it’s laws extend to it’s own members only, not to those of any other voluntary society: for then by the same rule some other voluntary society might usurp power over them.
suppose for instance two churches one of Arminians another of Calvinists in Constantinople. has either any right over the other? will it be said the orthodox one has? every church is to itself orthodox, to others erroneous or heretical. I cannot give up my guidance to the magistrate; because he knows no more of the way to heaven than I do.
[co]mpulsion in religion is distinguished peculiarly from compulsion in every other thing. I may grow rich by art I am compelled to follow, I may recover health by medicines I am compelled to take agt. my own judgmt., but I cannot be saved by a worship I disbelieve & abhor.
[he] sais ‘neither Pagan nor Mahamedan nor Jew ought to be excluded from the civil rights of the Commonwealth because of his religion.’ shall we suffer a Pagan to deal with us and not suffer him to pray to his god?
as the antients tolerated visionaries & enthusiasts of all kinds so they permitted a free scope to philosophy as a balance. as the Pythagoreans & latter Platonicks joined with the superstition of the times the Epicureans & Academicks were allowed all the use of wit & raillery against it. thus matters were balanced; reason had [full] play & science flourished. these contrarieties produced harmony. superstition & enthusiasm thus let alone never raged to bloodshed persecution &c.”
“Commonwealth is ‘a society of men constituted for preserving their civil
“[a church] is ‘a voluntary society of men, joining [themselves] together of their own accord, in order to the [publick] worshipping of god in such a manner as they judge [accept]able to him & effectual to the salvation of their souls. [it is] voluntary because no man is by nature bound to any church. the hopes of salvation is the cause of his entering into it. if he find any thing wrong in it, he [sh]ould be as free to go out as he was to come in.
[w]hat is the power of that church &c.? as it is a society
but as it was a spontaneous joining of members, it follows that it’s laws extend to it’s own members only, not to those of any other voluntary society: for then by the same rule some other voluntary society might usurp power
suppose for instance two churches one of Arminians another of
[co]mpulsion in religion is distinguished peculiarly from compulsion in every other thing. I may grow rich by art I am compelled to follow, I may recover health by medicines I am compelled to take agt. my own judgmt., but I cannot be saved by a worship I disbelieve & abhor.
[he] sais ‘neither Pagan nor Mahamedan nor Jew ought to be excluded from the civil rights of the Commonwealth because of his religion.’ shall we suffer a Pagan to deal with us and not suffer him to pray to his god?
as the antients tolerated visionaries & enthusiasts of all kinds so they permitted a free scope to philosophy as a balance. as the Pythagoreans & latter Platonicks joined with the superstition of the times the Epicureans & Academicks were allowed all the use of wit & raillery against it. thus matters were balanced; reason had [full] play & science flourished. these contrarieties produced harmony. superstition & enthusiasm thus let alone never raged to bloodshed persecution &c.”
January 27, 2018, 08:09:25 PM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_List_v._Driehaus
"We do not want the government deciding what is political truth — for fear that the government might persecute those who criticize it. Instead, in a democracy, the voters should decide."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_v._United_States_(2014)
"The global need to prevent chemical warfare does not require the Federal Government to reach into the kitchen cupboard, or to treat a local assault with a chemical irritant as the deployment of a chemical weapon."
"We do not want the government deciding what is political truth — for fear that the government might persecute those who criticize it. Instead, in a democracy, the voters should decide."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_v._United_States_(2014)
"The global need to prevent chemical warfare does not require the Federal Government to reach into the kitchen cupboard, or to treat a local assault with a chemical irritant as the deployment of a chemical weapon."
January 27, 2018, 08:04:08 PM
Also, if the Commission believes that this is an Internal Issue, and should be resolved Internally, then the Commission needs to make a Statement to the effect that the DEA can't use Internationally Treaties.
This is the case Gonzales V O Centro, in which the DEA as a last resort used the UN Psychotropics Convention as an argument, against Brazilians and Americans using a Brazilian plant together Religiously in America, and the DEA lost the case.
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/546/418/
So it already has been resolved internally, but they refuse to announce, or accept, that they lost.
This is the case Gonzales V O Centro, in which the DEA as a last resort used the UN Psychotropics Convention as an argument, against Brazilians and Americans using a Brazilian plant together Religiously in America, and the DEA lost the case.
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/546/418/
So it already has been resolved internally, but they refuse to announce, or accept, that they lost.
January 27, 2018, 08:02:09 PM
Also, because Marcus Garvey is important to the Culture of the Caribbean, and is tied to the Religious Percecution by United States Agencies, I would like to Submit the book written by his Wife, which is a collection of his Opinions and Philosophies
http://www.black-matters.com/books/Marcus-Garvey-Phil-and-Opinions.pdf
And to read about the FBI plan to stop "the Rise of a Black Messiah"
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/apr/04/preventingtheriseofamessi
http://www.black-matters.com/books/Marcus-Garvey-Phil-and-Opinions.pdf
And to read about the FBI plan to stop "the Rise of a Black Messiah"
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/apr/04/preventingtheriseofamessi
January 27, 2018, 08:01:18 PM
And while the term "West Indies" is pretty well known, and Jamaica is well known, I would like to point to Trinidad and Tobago, where many Hindus are practicing the exact same Religion as me, all over the Island. And many Trinidadians have migrated to the United States. But the fact that they move to the United States now is not important, because this same Culture exists all over the Americas and has since the Discovery of the "New World".
http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/History_of_ganja_use_in_Trinidad-115562564.html
http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/History_of_ganja_use_in_Trinidad-115562564.html
January 27, 2018, 07:57:27 PM
International Human Rights Case Law
https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{"itemid":["001-60505"]}
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_04_ing.pdf
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_151_ing.pdf
http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_B-32_American_Convention_on_Human_Rights.htm
http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/cases/54-01.html
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_103_ing.pdf
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_150_ing.pdf
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_125_ing.pdf
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_114_ing.pdf
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_110_ing.pdf
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_16_ing.pdf
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_111_ing.pdf
https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{"itemid":["001-116716"]}
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_124_ing.pdf
https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{"itemid":["001-60505"]}
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_04_ing.pdf
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_151_ing.pdf
http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_B-32_American_Convention_on_Human_Rights.htm
http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/cases/54-01.html
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_103_ing.pdf
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_150_ing.pdf
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_125_ing.pdf
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_114_ing.pdf
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_110_ing.pdf
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_16_ing.pdf
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_111_ing.pdf
https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{"itemid":["001-116716"]}
http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_124_ing.pdf
January 27, 2018, 07:56:14 PM
THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION REPORT
Before Indian Independence during the time of Gandhi, India was a British Colony, and the British Empire did the largest most comprehensive study of Marijuana use and the Impact of Marijuana use on Society, and concluded that it was harmless, and decided to legalize it and tax it. This study included everyone from Marijuana prescribing Doctors and Marijuana using Patients and Gurus, to Hash smugglers and Crazy people. It is so large and comprehensive that it is actually comprised of many Volumes, like an Encyclopedia or Lawbook set.
http://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/pageturner.cfm?id=74908458
Before Indian Independence during the time of Gandhi, India was a British Colony, and the British Empire did the largest most comprehensive study of Marijuana use and the Impact of Marijuana use on Society, and concluded that it was harmless, and decided to legalize it and tax it. This study included everyone from Marijuana prescribing Doctors and Marijuana using Patients and Gurus, to Hash smugglers and Crazy people. It is so large and comprehensive that it is actually comprised of many Volumes, like an Encyclopedia or Lawbook set.
http://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/pageturner.cfm?id=74908458
January 27, 2018, 07:54:46 PM
The East India Trade Company
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195690484.001.0001/acprof-9780195690484-chapter-2
http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/21725/1/Trading_knowledge-the_East_India_Companys_elephants_in_India_and_Britain.pdf
https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/ghcc/eac/intranet/yalemay2013/erikson.pdf
And just to show that this has been a problem in America, with Law Enforcement and Religion, with American Law Enforcement Generally seeing them as Christian Warriors against Evil, and anyone else is Devil Worshipers, like the Bible says. This is not about Drugs, this is about Religion.
https://www.glendaleaz.com/clerk/Contracts/10121.pdf
http://www.rvbeypublications.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/moorishguidepost2013b.pdf
https://sites.google.com/site/moorishamericanfrontpage/home/noble-drew-ali-prophecies-and-hadiths
http://moorishamericannationalrepublic.com/course-materials/2016-NIDC/NIDCManual2016.pdf
http://www.moorishsociety.org/our-doctrine/holy-koran-of-the-moorish-science-temple-of-america-circle-7-koran/divine-constitution-bylaws-plus-additional-laws/1928-convention-minutes/
You can find Hundreds if not Thousands of examples of Court cases in the United States where people have asked to be recognized by names that contain "El" or "Bey" and make arguments that they are Moorish, not American, under the Treaties of Peace and Friendship starting in 1787 and being made permanent in 1863. Yet American Courts refuse to accept their arguments, and Judges simply Cite each other's cases to Justify themselves. And the Moors do not know about the IACHR, but their founder, Noble Drew Ali, attended the 6th Pan-American Conference in 1928.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195690484.001.0001/acprof-9780195690484-chapter-2
http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/21725/1/Trading_knowledge-the_East_India_Companys_elephants_in_India_and_Britain.pdf
https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/ghcc/eac/intranet/yalemay2013/erikson.pdf
And just to show that this has been a problem in America, with Law Enforcement and Religion, with American Law Enforcement Generally seeing them as Christian Warriors against Evil, and anyone else is Devil Worshipers, like the Bible says. This is not about Drugs, this is about Religion.
https://www.glendaleaz.com/clerk/Contracts/10121.pdf
http://www.rvbeypublications.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/moorishguidepost2013b.pdf
https://sites.google.com/site/moorishamericanfrontpage/home/noble-drew-ali-prophecies-and-hadiths
http://moorishamericannationalrepublic.com/course-materials/2016-NIDC/NIDCManual2016.pdf
http://www.moorishsociety.org/our-doctrine/holy-koran-of-the-moorish-science-temple-of-america-circle-7-koran/divine-constitution-bylaws-plus-additional-laws/1928-convention-minutes/
You can find Hundreds if not Thousands of examples of Court cases in the United States where people have asked to be recognized by names that contain "El" or "Bey" and make arguments that they are Moorish, not American, under the Treaties of Peace and Friendship starting in 1787 and being made permanent in 1863. Yet American Courts refuse to accept their arguments, and Judges simply Cite each other's cases to Justify themselves. And the Moors do not know about the IACHR, but their founder, Noble Drew Ali, attended the 6th Pan-American Conference in 1928.
January 27, 2018, 07:49:48 PM
And just because most people are Christian, I want to point out some Spiritual Practices that are used in Divination, which is common in most other Religions, just to kind of get people thinking outside of the box of Sheep, and the Blood of the Savior, and the Kingdom when trying to protect "Religious Practice".
Most people say "I don't do Astrology and Fortune telling" but you are mistaken. There is an art of Divination known as "Physiognomy" also known as "Thinking you can judge a persons character by their appearance, from your perspective"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiognomy
A lot of people like to think of Necromancy as "Black Magic" but this is the view of the church, in reality, "Necromancy" is just "Ancestor Worship" aka "Veneration of the Dead".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead
Tarot cards became what we now call playing Cards, and Playing cards became what we know as gambling. Something that branched off from this is "Cartomancy" which is Divination not based on Tarot, but actually based on the card deck itself. Just like how playing cards can be used for Tarot, Tarot cards can be used for Cartomancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartomancy
A much more random form of Divination is Gyromancy, which involves putting letters on stones or wood in a circle. Then walking around and paying attention to what letters you trip over, do this until you get dizzy and it is even more random. And you are supposed to continue until a message can be deciphered, or death/madness stop you.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyromancy
A more simple but still random form of Divination is Geomancy, which can use soil, rocks, sand or dice. It just involves looking at the patterns and counting things, then matching them up with different set meanings. Similar to the I-Ching and the different methods that go with it. This is actually a method that can be used with the I-Ching.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomancy
And speaking of the I-Ching, there is Bibliomancy, which is Divination using books. Bibliomancy probably started when people hid messages in texts like the Gnostics, and when people found messages from the past in the writings, later, other people would look for messages from the future in the texts.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliomancy
And, these forms of Divination were also warped into Gambling in a way that is still used today. You have probably heard of chicken bones, or stones, or dice, or drawing straws or "casting lots". All of these are forms of Cleromancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleromancy
If you have a cat, people have for a long time used Cats to predict the weather, it is known as Ailuromancy. I don't personally have a cat so I have not watched one enough to see if this works the same as people with Rheumatoid Arthritis, who can predict storms, or if it is more random like dice. But people have been doing it for a long time. And if anyone tests it I would like to know what happens.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailuromancy
Ceromancy is using Wax in Water in a Bowl, or by watching dripping wax on the side of a candle. It's almost Christmas, so candles should be burning soon.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceromancy
Cromniomancy is divination by Onion, where you carve your question on an onion, or put it on an altar and ask it a question. Then watch the sprouting behavior. And people could have used anything, but across Europe, Africa and Asia they all used Onions, so maybe there is something to it. We have telephones now, but before telephones, this was a common way to try to find out what a traveling relative was up to. There are also some methods where you chop the Onion up and stuff instead of growing it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromniomancy
Most people have probably heard of people who used Sheep and Bird livers in order to read the future. This was related to Astrology, because the liver was divided into different planetary alignments when they were read.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruspex
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_of_Piacenza
Animal Divination, there is "Imbolc" which is the ancient version and precursor to Groundhogs day. When we look at the ground hog to find out how much winter is left, we are doing an ancient Divination tradition.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc#Weather_divination
Pyromancy is probably the oldest form of Divination, and the main form is known as Causinomancy, where you just burn something, it doesn't matter what.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyromancy
Pyromancy has various forms, because fire can burn anything. And different things burn different ways. One is Botanomancy, where you burn Herbs or Plants in order to Divine the future.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanomancy
Daphnomancy is a specific form of Botanomancy where you specifically burn Laurel.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnomancy
Various Pyromancy techniques include burning a bone and reading the cracks, but that is not something that is really normal to do, BUT if you ever save the Wishbone from a Turkey or other animal, this is a form of Sternomancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternomancy
An example of Pyromancy with bones that isn't too complicated is Cephalonomancy, where you would heat the skull of an animal while reciting a list, usually a list of suspects, and if the jaw of the skull moved or cracked when you spoke a name that person was considered guilty.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalonomancy
Back when people knew the names of plants instead of Roads, and Animals instead of Cars. The time before GPS, and even before the Gas Station map, there was the practice of Rhabdomancy which you can still use if you are in the woods or on a random walk. The way it works is, if you have some kind of walking stick, or Pencil/Pen, or something, you just drop the stick and whatever direction it points you go. If you are in the woods and have nothing else, use a small bundle of sticks and go where most of them are pointing. This also branches into "Dowsing" where people use sticks to find water.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomancy
Belomancy is a much more specific form of Rhabdomancy where a quiver of arrows is marked with symbols like a tarot deck. Sometimes they would mark the arrows with Phrases like "God commands me" and "God Forbids me" and a Blank arrow, then they would go with whatever hit closest to the middle. This practice was even used by Biblical characters. Belomancy was also used like Rhabdomancy, were you drop an arrow and go wherever it points.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belomancy
Scyphomancy is where you use a glass or goblet and tap the side and watch for messages or images in the ripples, or tap it with metal (a glass cup or metal goblet) and listen for voices in the ringing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scyphomancy
Most people have probably heard of reading Tea Leaves and Coffee Grounds, the most common way is to have a person drink the tea with the leaves in it and let them settle at the bottom. There are various common symbols that are supposed to mean different things. Some people also use cups with Zodiacs and stuff in them so that the tea leaves can land on different symbols and stuff.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasseography
Scrying involves looking into a reflective surface with the intention of looking into another world and not at a reflection. This includes Crystal balls, Mirrors, Shiny Stones/Gem or even Water Surfaces. Some people think that this method works in the mind via Sensory Deprivation, similar to a Deprivation Tank. If using a pool or pond, it may be necessary to throw pebbles onto the surface. A candle may help also, as it adds to the reflections and shadows of anything. Viewing the surface through smoke may also work to your benefit.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrying
When you use a Mirror to Scry, this is specifically known as Catoptromancy. There is a method that involves dipping the bottom of a large mirror just onto the surface of the water and offering incense.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catoptromancy
A more modern and specific method of Catoptromancy is known as Psychomanteum, where you sit in a comfortable chair and look into a mirror that is only showing you the reflection of a dark space. It is meant to help you communicate with the dead. so this would be mixing Catoptromancy & Necromancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomanteum
Then there is the interpretation of dreams, which is similar to Scrying and Necomancy, but it is more about inventing the future than learning about it. In ancient Egypt they had a book that is now translated into English and is called "Behind closed Eyes: Dreams and Nightmares in Ancient Egypt" which is all about dream interpretation. Then there is the Ancient Greek book called the Oneirocritica which was the Greek dream interpretation book.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneiromancy
And random, but a dream that comes true later is called a "Veridical Dream"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veridical_dream
Abacomancy is Divination by Sand, Dust and Ashes. This can be used as a form of Necromancy by using the ashes of the deceased. You look for symbols in the Sand or Ashes, and if using the ashes of a person, you would look for symbols that were important to them and in general you would look for symbols that are reoccurring in other situations like Dreams or Scrying.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacomancy
Divination using flour is Alueromancy, a common form of this is Fortune Cookies, where Philosophical things are baked into food. Another method was to mix water and flour in a bowl, dumping it out, and interpreting the residue like Tea Leaves.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleuromancy
Salt can also be use for Divination in various ways. It can be thrown into the air and interpreted as it falls or once it makes patterns on the ground. You can also create a water/salt solution and interpret the residue at the bottom once the water evaporates. When you spill salt and throw the spilled salt over your shoulder, this is a practice of Alomancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alomancy
Libanomancy is specifically the interpretation of incense. Both the ashes and the smoke. You are supposed to ask a question, then watch the smoke and the way the ashes fall.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanomancy
General Divination using smoke from any source is known as Capnomancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capnomancy
Aeromancy is listening to the wind, or reading the clouds. Other weather patterns may be interpreted also, but mainly those things. Christians take this a step too far and "blame God" for droughts and other occurrences of weather.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromancy
Cyclomancy is the use of Tops or Wheels or other spinning devices to make predictions. Similar to a Roulette Table, or the Hebrew Dreidel and even Spin the Bottle.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclomancy
The idea that a "Black Cat is bad luck", and anything else that has to do with chance like that, is a form of Apantomancy. There is a branch of Apantomancy that specifically focuses on the chance meeting of animals, but you can also try to find things based on other random things found. When someone "finds a penny face up and it is good luck" that is Apantomancy. In Ancient Rome they would find random things and work themselves into a trance to find random meanings.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apantomancy
Cledonism is Divination by words, or the idea that words can be a sign of bad things to come. "Jinxing" an event by talking about it could be considered a form of Cledonism. Rumors also operate on this idea. Also words someone randomly speaks after a chance event could be considered important.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cledonism
Fal-Gush is like Cledonism, but the reverse. If you have a question you need answered, you would hide somewhere near a sidewalk or sit on a bench that is not super visible like a Bus stop, and listen to what people say in their random conversations as they pass by in order to find answers to your questions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%81l-g%C5%ABsh
Carromancy is burning a candle and watching the flame, or melting a bowl of wax and dumping it into water and looking for signs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carromancy
Literomancy is the art of fortune telling using written words. A few forms of this have been covered already, like the I-Ching, but there are many forms of Lieromancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literomancy
Isopsephy is the the practice of turning letters into numbers, and then assigning numerical values to words by adding up the letters, or hiding messages in this way.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopsephy
Gematria is a similar Jewish practice, to do it, you would do Isopsephy, then any words that have the same numerical value would be considered to be "similar" or "related". Also, if the number appears more than once, it may indicate a date, age. year, etc. For example, the word "Alive" in Hebrew has a value of 18, making 18 a lucky number.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gematria
The modern version of Isopsephy and Gematria is known as Arithmancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmancy
A little more complicated is a system invented by the people who invented Algebra is known as Zairja. They invented a Mechanical way to generate ideas. They assumed that if you asked a question properly, found the numerical value of the question, then "Solving for X" as you would in Algebra, in order to reform the question into new ideas or even answers. They would do this with hundreds of lines of words and create entirely new ideas.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zairja
Zairja could be considered a branch of or related to Sacred Geometry, which itself is the idea of impossible shapes and monumental/symbolic design. Shapes are said to have secret meanings, possibly related to things like Arithmacy and Zairja.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_geometry
Everyone has heard of Palm reading. I would like to see a test of like 1000 people going to 10 palm readers or something like that.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmistry
Rumpology is like Palmistry, except you read the marks on a persons ass.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpology
Moleosophy is like the Philosophy of moles, "What does that mark mean on my face?" basically and especially moles. There are some folklore examples of Moleosophy such as "They are angel kisses" etc. but not much credit is given to it as a whole. Moleosophy is really more of a way for someone to open up the conversation for someone with scars to talk.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleosophy
Metoposcopy is the study of a persons character based on the line on their forehead.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoposcopy
Ichnomancy is the study of a persons character based on their footprint. Ex: Deep footprints may show anger or weight
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichnomancy
Oculomancy is Scrying using the reflections in a persons eyes, a common example is "Eyes are the Window to the soul".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculomancy
Dactlomancy is a lot like Ouija. You tie a ring to a string and hang it over a circular alphabet, the direction the ring swings is the letter you write down, until you have a coherent sentence. In the Middle ages they would set up elaborate tables and set a ring on a string then burn the string and see where the ring feel on the symbols on the table.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactylomancy
Margaritomancy is the practice of reading pearls inside oysters or casting pearls on a table or the ground and reading the pattern.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaritomancy
Using a lamp for Divination is known as Lampadomancy, you do it by watching the flame, or holding a piece of paper over the flame and reading the residue. The more oddly shaped your lamp is, the more likely spirits are to be attracted to it apparently.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampadomancy
Machromancy is Divination with a Knife, sometimes it is done like Scrying where you stare into the polished surface of a blade, but it can also be done more elaborately by creating the Alphabet in a circle and spinning the blade and writing down the letters. Apparently the answers usually come in an ancient language such as Hebrew or Greek, even if you put an English alphabet.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macharomancy
Molybdomancy can be done by people who make their own silver/copper/gold bars/ozs. The way it is done is by pouring molten metal into cold water with no molding or anything, and interpreting the shape of the object made.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdomancy
Wine reading is known as Oinomancy, it is practiced in various places, but not much in America. You can do it by spilling wine on something and reading the pattern, soak paper in wine and read the patterns, and the Color and the Taste and the Sediment of the wine are studied. Now adays the people that do this are just called wine critics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oinomancy
Most people say "I don't do Astrology and Fortune telling" but you are mistaken. There is an art of Divination known as "Physiognomy" also known as "Thinking you can judge a persons character by their appearance, from your perspective"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiognomy
A lot of people like to think of Necromancy as "Black Magic" but this is the view of the church, in reality, "Necromancy" is just "Ancestor Worship" aka "Veneration of the Dead".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead
Tarot cards became what we now call playing Cards, and Playing cards became what we know as gambling. Something that branched off from this is "Cartomancy" which is Divination not based on Tarot, but actually based on the card deck itself. Just like how playing cards can be used for Tarot, Tarot cards can be used for Cartomancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartomancy
A much more random form of Divination is Gyromancy, which involves putting letters on stones or wood in a circle. Then walking around and paying attention to what letters you trip over, do this until you get dizzy and it is even more random. And you are supposed to continue until a message can be deciphered, or death/madness stop you.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyromancy
A more simple but still random form of Divination is Geomancy, which can use soil, rocks, sand or dice. It just involves looking at the patterns and counting things, then matching them up with different set meanings. Similar to the I-Ching and the different methods that go with it. This is actually a method that can be used with the I-Ching.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomancy
And speaking of the I-Ching, there is Bibliomancy, which is Divination using books. Bibliomancy probably started when people hid messages in texts like the Gnostics, and when people found messages from the past in the writings, later, other people would look for messages from the future in the texts.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliomancy
And, these forms of Divination were also warped into Gambling in a way that is still used today. You have probably heard of chicken bones, or stones, or dice, or drawing straws or "casting lots". All of these are forms of Cleromancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleromancy
If you have a cat, people have for a long time used Cats to predict the weather, it is known as Ailuromancy. I don't personally have a cat so I have not watched one enough to see if this works the same as people with Rheumatoid Arthritis, who can predict storms, or if it is more random like dice. But people have been doing it for a long time. And if anyone tests it I would like to know what happens.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailuromancy
Ceromancy is using Wax in Water in a Bowl, or by watching dripping wax on the side of a candle. It's almost Christmas, so candles should be burning soon.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceromancy
Cromniomancy is divination by Onion, where you carve your question on an onion, or put it on an altar and ask it a question. Then watch the sprouting behavior. And people could have used anything, but across Europe, Africa and Asia they all used Onions, so maybe there is something to it. We have telephones now, but before telephones, this was a common way to try to find out what a traveling relative was up to. There are also some methods where you chop the Onion up and stuff instead of growing it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromniomancy
Most people have probably heard of people who used Sheep and Bird livers in order to read the future. This was related to Astrology, because the liver was divided into different planetary alignments when they were read.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruspex
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_of_Piacenza
Animal Divination, there is "Imbolc" which is the ancient version and precursor to Groundhogs day. When we look at the ground hog to find out how much winter is left, we are doing an ancient Divination tradition.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc#Weather_divination
Pyromancy is probably the oldest form of Divination, and the main form is known as Causinomancy, where you just burn something, it doesn't matter what.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyromancy
Pyromancy has various forms, because fire can burn anything. And different things burn different ways. One is Botanomancy, where you burn Herbs or Plants in order to Divine the future.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanomancy
Daphnomancy is a specific form of Botanomancy where you specifically burn Laurel.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnomancy
Various Pyromancy techniques include burning a bone and reading the cracks, but that is not something that is really normal to do, BUT if you ever save the Wishbone from a Turkey or other animal, this is a form of Sternomancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternomancy
An example of Pyromancy with bones that isn't too complicated is Cephalonomancy, where you would heat the skull of an animal while reciting a list, usually a list of suspects, and if the jaw of the skull moved or cracked when you spoke a name that person was considered guilty.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalonomancy
Back when people knew the names of plants instead of Roads, and Animals instead of Cars. The time before GPS, and even before the Gas Station map, there was the practice of Rhabdomancy which you can still use if you are in the woods or on a random walk. The way it works is, if you have some kind of walking stick, or Pencil/Pen, or something, you just drop the stick and whatever direction it points you go. If you are in the woods and have nothing else, use a small bundle of sticks and go where most of them are pointing. This also branches into "Dowsing" where people use sticks to find water.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomancy
Belomancy is a much more specific form of Rhabdomancy where a quiver of arrows is marked with symbols like a tarot deck. Sometimes they would mark the arrows with Phrases like "God commands me" and "God Forbids me" and a Blank arrow, then they would go with whatever hit closest to the middle. This practice was even used by Biblical characters. Belomancy was also used like Rhabdomancy, were you drop an arrow and go wherever it points.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belomancy
Scyphomancy is where you use a glass or goblet and tap the side and watch for messages or images in the ripples, or tap it with metal (a glass cup or metal goblet) and listen for voices in the ringing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scyphomancy
Most people have probably heard of reading Tea Leaves and Coffee Grounds, the most common way is to have a person drink the tea with the leaves in it and let them settle at the bottom. There are various common symbols that are supposed to mean different things. Some people also use cups with Zodiacs and stuff in them so that the tea leaves can land on different symbols and stuff.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasseography
Scrying involves looking into a reflective surface with the intention of looking into another world and not at a reflection. This includes Crystal balls, Mirrors, Shiny Stones/Gem or even Water Surfaces. Some people think that this method works in the mind via Sensory Deprivation, similar to a Deprivation Tank. If using a pool or pond, it may be necessary to throw pebbles onto the surface. A candle may help also, as it adds to the reflections and shadows of anything. Viewing the surface through smoke may also work to your benefit.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrying
When you use a Mirror to Scry, this is specifically known as Catoptromancy. There is a method that involves dipping the bottom of a large mirror just onto the surface of the water and offering incense.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catoptromancy
A more modern and specific method of Catoptromancy is known as Psychomanteum, where you sit in a comfortable chair and look into a mirror that is only showing you the reflection of a dark space. It is meant to help you communicate with the dead. so this would be mixing Catoptromancy & Necromancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomanteum
Then there is the interpretation of dreams, which is similar to Scrying and Necomancy, but it is more about inventing the future than learning about it. In ancient Egypt they had a book that is now translated into English and is called "Behind closed Eyes: Dreams and Nightmares in Ancient Egypt" which is all about dream interpretation. Then there is the Ancient Greek book called the Oneirocritica which was the Greek dream interpretation book.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneiromancy
And random, but a dream that comes true later is called a "Veridical Dream"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veridical_dream
Abacomancy is Divination by Sand, Dust and Ashes. This can be used as a form of Necromancy by using the ashes of the deceased. You look for symbols in the Sand or Ashes, and if using the ashes of a person, you would look for symbols that were important to them and in general you would look for symbols that are reoccurring in other situations like Dreams or Scrying.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacomancy
Divination using flour is Alueromancy, a common form of this is Fortune Cookies, where Philosophical things are baked into food. Another method was to mix water and flour in a bowl, dumping it out, and interpreting the residue like Tea Leaves.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleuromancy
Salt can also be use for Divination in various ways. It can be thrown into the air and interpreted as it falls or once it makes patterns on the ground. You can also create a water/salt solution and interpret the residue at the bottom once the water evaporates. When you spill salt and throw the spilled salt over your shoulder, this is a practice of Alomancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alomancy
Libanomancy is specifically the interpretation of incense. Both the ashes and the smoke. You are supposed to ask a question, then watch the smoke and the way the ashes fall.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanomancy
General Divination using smoke from any source is known as Capnomancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capnomancy
Aeromancy is listening to the wind, or reading the clouds. Other weather patterns may be interpreted also, but mainly those things. Christians take this a step too far and "blame God" for droughts and other occurrences of weather.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromancy
Cyclomancy is the use of Tops or Wheels or other spinning devices to make predictions. Similar to a Roulette Table, or the Hebrew Dreidel and even Spin the Bottle.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclomancy
The idea that a "Black Cat is bad luck", and anything else that has to do with chance like that, is a form of Apantomancy. There is a branch of Apantomancy that specifically focuses on the chance meeting of animals, but you can also try to find things based on other random things found. When someone "finds a penny face up and it is good luck" that is Apantomancy. In Ancient Rome they would find random things and work themselves into a trance to find random meanings.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apantomancy
Cledonism is Divination by words, or the idea that words can be a sign of bad things to come. "Jinxing" an event by talking about it could be considered a form of Cledonism. Rumors also operate on this idea. Also words someone randomly speaks after a chance event could be considered important.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cledonism
Fal-Gush is like Cledonism, but the reverse. If you have a question you need answered, you would hide somewhere near a sidewalk or sit on a bench that is not super visible like a Bus stop, and listen to what people say in their random conversations as they pass by in order to find answers to your questions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%81l-g%C5%ABsh
Carromancy is burning a candle and watching the flame, or melting a bowl of wax and dumping it into water and looking for signs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carromancy
Literomancy is the art of fortune telling using written words. A few forms of this have been covered already, like the I-Ching, but there are many forms of Lieromancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literomancy
Isopsephy is the the practice of turning letters into numbers, and then assigning numerical values to words by adding up the letters, or hiding messages in this way.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopsephy
Gematria is a similar Jewish practice, to do it, you would do Isopsephy, then any words that have the same numerical value would be considered to be "similar" or "related". Also, if the number appears more than once, it may indicate a date, age. year, etc. For example, the word "Alive" in Hebrew has a value of 18, making 18 a lucky number.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gematria
The modern version of Isopsephy and Gematria is known as Arithmancy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmancy
A little more complicated is a system invented by the people who invented Algebra is known as Zairja. They invented a Mechanical way to generate ideas. They assumed that if you asked a question properly, found the numerical value of the question, then "Solving for X" as you would in Algebra, in order to reform the question into new ideas or even answers. They would do this with hundreds of lines of words and create entirely new ideas.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zairja
Zairja could be considered a branch of or related to Sacred Geometry, which itself is the idea of impossible shapes and monumental/symbolic design. Shapes are said to have secret meanings, possibly related to things like Arithmacy and Zairja.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_geometry
Everyone has heard of Palm reading. I would like to see a test of like 1000 people going to 10 palm readers or something like that.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmistry
Rumpology is like Palmistry, except you read the marks on a persons ass.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpology
Moleosophy is like the Philosophy of moles, "What does that mark mean on my face?" basically and especially moles. There are some folklore examples of Moleosophy such as "They are angel kisses" etc. but not much credit is given to it as a whole. Moleosophy is really more of a way for someone to open up the conversation for someone with scars to talk.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleosophy
Metoposcopy is the study of a persons character based on the line on their forehead.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoposcopy
Ichnomancy is the study of a persons character based on their footprint. Ex: Deep footprints may show anger or weight
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichnomancy
Oculomancy is Scrying using the reflections in a persons eyes, a common example is "Eyes are the Window to the soul".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculomancy
Dactlomancy is a lot like Ouija. You tie a ring to a string and hang it over a circular alphabet, the direction the ring swings is the letter you write down, until you have a coherent sentence. In the Middle ages they would set up elaborate tables and set a ring on a string then burn the string and see where the ring feel on the symbols on the table.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactylomancy
Margaritomancy is the practice of reading pearls inside oysters or casting pearls on a table or the ground and reading the pattern.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaritomancy
Using a lamp for Divination is known as Lampadomancy, you do it by watching the flame, or holding a piece of paper over the flame and reading the residue. The more oddly shaped your lamp is, the more likely spirits are to be attracted to it apparently.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampadomancy
Machromancy is Divination with a Knife, sometimes it is done like Scrying where you stare into the polished surface of a blade, but it can also be done more elaborately by creating the Alphabet in a circle and spinning the blade and writing down the letters. Apparently the answers usually come in an ancient language such as Hebrew or Greek, even if you put an English alphabet.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macharomancy
Molybdomancy can be done by people who make their own silver/copper/gold bars/ozs. The way it is done is by pouring molten metal into cold water with no molding or anything, and interpreting the shape of the object made.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdomancy
Wine reading is known as Oinomancy, it is practiced in various places, but not much in America. You can do it by spilling wine on something and reading the pattern, soak paper in wine and read the patterns, and the Color and the Taste and the Sediment of the wine are studied. Now adays the people that do this are just called wine critics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oinomancy
January 27, 2018, 07:47:30 PM
U.S. Constitution - Article 1 Section 10
Article 1 - The Legislative Branch
Section 10 - Powers Prohibited of States
No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.
No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.
No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.
Article 1 - The Legislative Branch
Section 10 - Powers Prohibited of States
No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.
No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.
No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.
January 27, 2018, 07:44:23 PM
Matter of Merriam, 36 N.E. 505 (NY 1894)
New York Court of Appeals
Filed: March 6th, 1894
Precedential Status: Precedential
Citations: 36 N.E. 505, 141 N.Y. 479
Docket Number: Unknown
Author: Willard Bartlett
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 482 This is an appeal from an order of the general term of the Supreme Court in the second department, affirming two several orders of the Surrogate's Court of *Page 483 Suffolk county. Two questions are raised by this appeal: First, whether or not a bequest of money to the United States is liable to pay the inheritance tax imposed by the laws of this state;second, can such a tax be levied on stock of a foreign corporation, which was the property of the decedent at the time of his death, the proceeds of which pass to the United States. The courts below have answered both of these questions in the affirmative. The testator died January 30th, 1889, and the tax was assessed February 16th, 1893, on the personal estate bequeathed to the United States. At that time chapter 399, Laws of 1892, entitled "An act in relation to taxable transfers of property," was in force and had repealed all previous acts, subject to a saving clause contained in section twenty-four of said act, providing, in substance, that the repeal should not affect or impair any act done, or right accruing, accrued or acquired, or liability, penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred prior to the passage of said act. Section twenty-five of said act also provides that "the provisions of this act, so far as they are substantially the same as those of laws existing April 30th, 1892, shall be construed as a continuation of such laws, modified or amended according to the language employed in this act, and not as new enactments." So that when this tax was assessed it was under the said law of 1892 construed as amending the previous statutes.
Section one of said act reads in part as follows: "A tax shall be and is hereby imposed upon the transfer of any property, real or personal, of the value of five hundred dollars or over, * * * to persons or corporations not exempt by law from taxation on real or personal property," etc.
In the view we take of this case the legacy to the United States is subject to this tax whether we consider the assessment as made under the language of the law of 1892, or of the various statutes it amends and repeals. Whether the transfer is "to persons or corporations," in the language of the law of 1892, or "to any person or persons, or to a body politic or corporate," in the words of the earlier statutes, we are of opinion the language includes the government of the *Page 484 United States. For the purpose of receiving legacies and for many other purposes, the United States is to be regarded as a body politic and corporate. In the United States v. Maurice et al. (2 Brockenbrough's Reports, 96), Chief Justice MARSHALL says at page 109: "The United States is a government, and, consequently, a body politic and corporate, capable of attaining the objects for which it was created by the means which are necessary for their attainment. This great corporation was ordained and established by the American people, and endowed by them with great powers for important purposes."
The United States being capable of taking this legacy, it remains to consider whether there is any reason why this tax should not be collected. This court has recently decided that this tax is not imposed on property, but on the right of succession under a will, or devolution in case of intestacy. (Inthe Matter of the Estate of James T. Swift, 137 N.Y. 77.)
This tax, in effect, limits the power of testamentary disposition, and legatees and devisees take their bequests and devises subject to this tax imposed upon the succession of property. This view eliminates from the case the point urged by the appellant that to collect this tax would be in violation of the well-established rule that the state cannot tax the property of the United States. Assuming this legacy vested in the United States at the moment of testator's death, yet in contemplation of law the tax was fixed on the succession at the same instant of time. This is not a tax imposed by the state on the property of the United States. The property that vests in the United States under this will is the net amount of its legacy after the succession tax is paid. The appellant urges that the United States, if regarded as a corporation, is, under the act in relation to the taxable transfers of property, a corporation exempt from taxation.
This court has held that the provisions exempting the religious, charitable and other corporations named in the Inheritance Tax Acts apply only to domestic corporations. (Matter of Estate of Prime, 136 N.Y. 347.) It is suggested that the United States is to be regarded as a domestic corporation, *Page 485 so far as the State of New York is concerned. We think this contention has no support in reason or authority. A domestic corporation is the creature of this state created by its legislature, or located here and created by or under the laws of the United States. (Code of Civil Pro., § 3343, sub. 18.) The United States is a government and body politic and corporate, ordained and established by the American people acting through the sovereignty of all the states.
There remains one other question in this case as presented by the briefs of appellant — whether the stocks of foreign corporations held by the executor are to be regarded as part of the estate, subject to the tax now under consideration. The tax being imposed on the right of succession, and not on the property, as before remarked, this question must be answered in the affirmative. To compute the succession tax on the total personal estate is not imposing a tax on the stocks of foreign corporations constituting a part of that estate.
The orders appealed from are affirmed, with costs.
All concur.
Orders affirmed.
New York Court of Appeals
Filed: March 6th, 1894
Precedential Status: Precedential
Citations: 36 N.E. 505, 141 N.Y. 479
Docket Number: Unknown
Author: Willard Bartlett
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 482 This is an appeal from an order of the general term of the Supreme Court in the second department, affirming two several orders of the Surrogate's Court of *Page 483 Suffolk county. Two questions are raised by this appeal: First, whether or not a bequest of money to the United States is liable to pay the inheritance tax imposed by the laws of this state;second, can such a tax be levied on stock of a foreign corporation, which was the property of the decedent at the time of his death, the proceeds of which pass to the United States. The courts below have answered both of these questions in the affirmative. The testator died January 30th, 1889, and the tax was assessed February 16th, 1893, on the personal estate bequeathed to the United States. At that time chapter 399, Laws of 1892, entitled "An act in relation to taxable transfers of property," was in force and had repealed all previous acts, subject to a saving clause contained in section twenty-four of said act, providing, in substance, that the repeal should not affect or impair any act done, or right accruing, accrued or acquired, or liability, penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred prior to the passage of said act. Section twenty-five of said act also provides that "the provisions of this act, so far as they are substantially the same as those of laws existing April 30th, 1892, shall be construed as a continuation of such laws, modified or amended according to the language employed in this act, and not as new enactments." So that when this tax was assessed it was under the said law of 1892 construed as amending the previous statutes.
Section one of said act reads in part as follows: "A tax shall be and is hereby imposed upon the transfer of any property, real or personal, of the value of five hundred dollars or over, * * * to persons or corporations not exempt by law from taxation on real or personal property," etc.
In the view we take of this case the legacy to the United States is subject to this tax whether we consider the assessment as made under the language of the law of 1892, or of the various statutes it amends and repeals. Whether the transfer is "to persons or corporations," in the language of the law of 1892, or "to any person or persons, or to a body politic or corporate," in the words of the earlier statutes, we are of opinion the language includes the government of the *Page 484 United States. For the purpose of receiving legacies and for many other purposes, the United States is to be regarded as a body politic and corporate. In the United States v. Maurice et al. (2 Brockenbrough's Reports, 96), Chief Justice MARSHALL says at page 109: "The United States is a government, and, consequently, a body politic and corporate, capable of attaining the objects for which it was created by the means which are necessary for their attainment. This great corporation was ordained and established by the American people, and endowed by them with great powers for important purposes."
The United States being capable of taking this legacy, it remains to consider whether there is any reason why this tax should not be collected. This court has recently decided that this tax is not imposed on property, but on the right of succession under a will, or devolution in case of intestacy. (Inthe Matter of the Estate of James T. Swift, 137 N.Y. 77.)
This tax, in effect, limits the power of testamentary disposition, and legatees and devisees take their bequests and devises subject to this tax imposed upon the succession of property. This view eliminates from the case the point urged by the appellant that to collect this tax would be in violation of the well-established rule that the state cannot tax the property of the United States. Assuming this legacy vested in the United States at the moment of testator's death, yet in contemplation of law the tax was fixed on the succession at the same instant of time. This is not a tax imposed by the state on the property of the United States. The property that vests in the United States under this will is the net amount of its legacy after the succession tax is paid. The appellant urges that the United States, if regarded as a corporation, is, under the act in relation to the taxable transfers of property, a corporation exempt from taxation.
This court has held that the provisions exempting the religious, charitable and other corporations named in the Inheritance Tax Acts apply only to domestic corporations. (Matter of Estate of Prime, 136 N.Y. 347.) It is suggested that the United States is to be regarded as a domestic corporation, *Page 485 so far as the State of New York is concerned. We think this contention has no support in reason or authority. A domestic corporation is the creature of this state created by its legislature, or located here and created by or under the laws of the United States. (Code of Civil Pro., § 3343, sub. 18.) The United States is a government and body politic and corporate, ordained and established by the American people acting through the sovereignty of all the states.
There remains one other question in this case as presented by the briefs of appellant — whether the stocks of foreign corporations held by the executor are to be regarded as part of the estate, subject to the tax now under consideration. The tax being imposed on the right of succession, and not on the property, as before remarked, this question must be answered in the affirmative. To compute the succession tax on the total personal estate is not imposing a tax on the stocks of foreign corporations constituting a part of that estate.
The orders appealed from are affirmed, with costs.
All concur.
Orders affirmed.
January 27, 2018, 07:43:01 PM
Reading Tax Law can help explain how these things are supposed to work (International Situations in US Law)
26 CFR 1.911-2 - Qualified individuals
§ 1.911-2 Qualified individuals.
(a)In general. An individual is a qualified individual if:
(1) The individual's tax home is in a foreign country or countries throughout -
(i) The period of bona fide residence described in paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section, or
(ii) The 330 full days of presence described in paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section, and
(2) The individual is either -
(i) A citizen of the United States who establishes to the satisfaction of the Commissioner or his delegate that the individual has been a bona fide resident of a foreign country or countries for an uninterrupted period which includes an entire taxable year, or
(ii) A citizen or resident of the United States who has been physically present in a foreign country or countries for at least 330 full days during any period of twelve consecutive months.
(b)Tax home. For purposes of paragraph (a)(i) of this section, the term “tax home” has the same meaning which it has for purposes of section 162(a)(2) (relating to travel expenses away from home). Thus, under section 911, an individual's tax home is considered to be located at his regular or principal (if more than one regular) place of business or, if the individual has no regular or principal place of business because of the nature of the business, then at his regular place of abode in a real and substantial sense. An individual shall not, however, be considered to have a tax home in a foreign country for any period for which the individual's abode is in the United States. Temporary presence of the individual in the United States does not necessarily mean that the individual's abode is in the United States during that time. Maintenance of a dwelling in the United States by an individual, whether or not that dwelling is used by the individual's spouse and dependents, does not necessarily mean that the individual's abode is in theUnited States.
(c)Determination of bona fide residence. For purposes of paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section, whether an individual is a bona fide resident of a foreign country shall be determined by applying, to the extent practical, the principles of section 871 and the regulations thereunder, relating to the determination of the residence of aliens. Bona fide residence in a foreign country or countries for an uninterrupted period may be established, even if temporary visits are made during the period to the United States or elsewhere on vacation or business. An individual with earned income from sources within a foreign country is not a bona fide resident of that country if:
(1) The individual claims to be a nonresident of that foreign country in a statement submitted to the authorities of that country, and
(2) The earned income of the individual is not subject, by reason of nonresidency in the foreign country, to theincome tax of that country.
If an individual has submitted a statement of nonresidence to the authorities of a foreign country the accuracy of which has not been resolved as of any date when a determination of the individual's bona fide residence is being made, then the individual will not be considered a bona fide resident of the foreign country as of that date.
(d)Determination of physical presence. For purposes of paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section, the following rulesapply.
(1)Twelve-month test. A period of twelve consecutive months may begin with any day but must end on the day before the corresponding day in the twelfth succeeding month. The twelve-month period may begin before or after arrival in a foreign country and may end before or after departure.
(2)330-day test. The 330 full days need not be consecutive but may be interrupted by periods during which the individual is not present in a foreign country. In computing the minimum 330 full days of presence in a foreign country or countries, all separate periods of such presence during the period of twelve consecutive months are aggregated. A full day is a continuous period of twenty-four hours beginning with midnight and ending with the following midnight. An individual who has been present in a foreign country and then travels over areas not within any foreign country for less than twenty-four hours shall not be deemed outside a foreign country during the period of travel. If an individual who is in transit between two points outside the United States is physically present in theUnited States for less than twenty-four hours, such individual shall not be treated as present in the United Statesduring such transit but shall be treated as travelling over areas not within any foreign country. For purposes of this paragraph (d)(2), the term “transit between two points outside the United States” has the same meaning that it has when used in section 7701(b)(6)(C).
(3)Illustrations of the physical presence requirement. The physical presence requirement of paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section is illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1.
B, a U.S. citizen, arrives in Venezuela from New York at 12 noon on April 24, 1982. B remains in Venezuela until 2 p.m. on March 21, 1983, at which time B departs for the United States. Among other possible twelve month periods, B is present in a foreign country an aggregate of 330 full days during each of the following twelve month periods: March 21, 1982 through March 20, 1983; and April 25, 1982 through April 24, 1983.
Example 2.
C, a U.S. citizen, travels extensively from the time C leaves the United States on March 5, 1982, until the time C departs the United Kingdom on January 1, 1984, to return to the United States permanently. The schedule of C's travel and the number of full days at each location are listed below:
Country Time and date of arrival Time and date of departure Full days in foreign country
United States 10 p.m. (by air) Mar. 5, 1982
United Kingdom 9 a.m. Mar. 6, 1982 10 p.m. (by ship) June 25, 1982 110
United States 11 a.m. June 30, 1982 1 p.m. (by ship) July 19, 1982 0
France 3 p.m. July 24, 1982 11 a.m. (by air) Aug. 22, 1983 393
United States 4 p.m. Aug. 22, 1983 9 a.m. (by air) Sept. 4, 1983 0
United Kingdom 9 a.m. Sept. 5, 1983 9 a.m. (by air) Jan. 1, 1984 117
United States 1 p.m. Jan. 1, 1984
Among other possible twelve-month periods, C is present in a foreign country or countries an aggregate of 330 full days during the following twelve-month periods: March 2, 1982 through March 1, 1983; and January 21, 1983 through January 20, 1984. The computation of days with respect to each twelve month period may be illustrated as follows:
First twelve-month period (March 2, 1982 through March 1, 1983):
Full days in foreign country
Mar. 2, 1982 through Mar. 6, 1982 0
Mar. 7, 1982 through June 24, 1982 110
June 25, 1982 through July 24, 1982 0
July 25, 1982 through Mar. 1, 1983 220
Total full days 330
Second twelve-month period (January 21, 1983 through January 20, 1984):
Full days in foreign country
Jan. 21, 1983 through Aug. 21, 1983 213
Aug. 22, 1983 through Sept. 5, 1983 0
Sept. 6, 1983 through Dec. 31, 1983 117
Jan. 1, 1984 through Jan. 20, 1984 0
Total full days 330
(e)Special rules. For purposes only of establishing that an individual is a qualified individual under paragraph (a) of this section, residence or presence in a foreign country while there employed by the U.S. government or any agencyor instrumentality of the U.S. government counts towards satisfaction of the requirements of § 1.911-2(a). (But see section 911(b)(1)(B)(ii) and § 1.911-3(c)(3) for the rule excluding amounts paid by the U.S. government to anemployee from the definition of foreign earned income.) Time spent in a foreign country prior to January 1, 1982, counts toward satisfaction of the bona fide residence and physical presence requirements, even though no exclusion or deduction may be allowed under section 911 for income attributable to services performed during that time. Forpurposes or paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section, the term “resident of the United States” includes an individual for whom a valid election is in effect under section 6013 (g) or (h) for the taxable year or years during which the physical presence requirement is satisfied.
(f)Waiver of period of stay in foreign country due to war or civil unrest. Notwithstanding the requirements ofparagraph (a) of this section, an individual whose tax home is in, a foreign country, and who is a bona fide resident of, or present in a foreign country for any period, who leaves the foreign country after August 31, 1978, before meeting the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, may as provided in this paragraph, qualify to make anelection under section 911(a) and § 1.911-7(a). If the Secretary determines, after consultation with the Secretary ofState or his delegate, that war, civil unrest, or similar adverse conditions existed in a foreign country, then the Secretary shall publish the name of the foreign country and the dates between which such conditions were deemed to exist. In order to qualify to make an election under this paragraph, the individual must establish to the satisfaction of the Secretary that the individual left a foreign country, the name of which has been published by the Secretary, during the period when adverse conditions existed and that the individual could reasonably have expected to meet the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section but for the adverse conditions. The individual shall attach to his return for the taxable year a statement that the individual expected to meet the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section but for the conditions in the foreign country which precluded the normal conduct of business by the individual. Such individual shall be treated as a qualified individual, but only for the actual period of residence or presence. Thus, in determining the number of the individual's qualifying days, only days within the period of actual residence or presence shall be counted.
(g)United States. The term “United States” when used in a geographical sense includes any territory under the sovereignty of the United States. It includes the states, the District of Columbia, the possessions and territories of theUnited States, the territorial waters of the United States, the air space over the United States, and the seabed and subsoil of those submarine areas which are adjacent to the territorial waters of the United States and over which theUnited States has exclusive rights, in accordance with international law, with respect to the exploration and exploitation of natural resources.
(h)Foreign country. The term “foreign country” when used in a geographical sense includes any territory under the sovereignty of a government other than that of the United States. It includes the territorial waters of the foreign country (determined in accordance with the laws of the United States), the air space over the foreign country, and the seabed and subsoil of those submarine areas which are adjacent to the territorial waters of the foreign country and over which the foreign country has exclusive rights, in accordance with international law, with respect to the exploration and exploitation of natural resources.
(Sec. 911 ( 95 Stat. 194; 26 U.S.C. 911) and sec. 7805 (68A Stat. 917; 26 U.S.C. 7805) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954)
[T.D. 8006, 50 FR 2965, Jan. 23, 1985]
26 CFR 1.911-2 - Qualified individuals
§ 1.911-2 Qualified individuals.
(a)In general. An individual is a qualified individual if:
(1) The individual's tax home is in a foreign country or countries throughout -
(i) The period of bona fide residence described in paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section, or
(ii) The 330 full days of presence described in paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section, and
(2) The individual is either -
(i) A citizen of the United States who establishes to the satisfaction of the Commissioner or his delegate that the individual has been a bona fide resident of a foreign country or countries for an uninterrupted period which includes an entire taxable year, or
(ii) A citizen or resident of the United States who has been physically present in a foreign country or countries for at least 330 full days during any period of twelve consecutive months.
(b)Tax home. For purposes of paragraph (a)(i) of this section, the term “tax home” has the same meaning which it has for purposes of section 162(a)(2) (relating to travel expenses away from home). Thus, under section 911, an individual's tax home is considered to be located at his regular or principal (if more than one regular) place of business or, if the individual has no regular or principal place of business because of the nature of the business, then at his regular place of abode in a real and substantial sense. An individual shall not, however, be considered to have a tax home in a foreign country for any period for which the individual's abode is in the United States. Temporary presence of the individual in the United States does not necessarily mean that the individual's abode is in the United States during that time. Maintenance of a dwelling in the United States by an individual, whether or not that dwelling is used by the individual's spouse and dependents, does not necessarily mean that the individual's abode is in theUnited States.
(c)Determination of bona fide residence. For purposes of paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section, whether an individual is a bona fide resident of a foreign country shall be determined by applying, to the extent practical, the principles of section 871 and the regulations thereunder, relating to the determination of the residence of aliens. Bona fide residence in a foreign country or countries for an uninterrupted period may be established, even if temporary visits are made during the period to the United States or elsewhere on vacation or business. An individual with earned income from sources within a foreign country is not a bona fide resident of that country if:
(1) The individual claims to be a nonresident of that foreign country in a statement submitted to the authorities of that country, and
(2) The earned income of the individual is not subject, by reason of nonresidency in the foreign country, to theincome tax of that country.
If an individual has submitted a statement of nonresidence to the authorities of a foreign country the accuracy of which has not been resolved as of any date when a determination of the individual's bona fide residence is being made, then the individual will not be considered a bona fide resident of the foreign country as of that date.
(d)Determination of physical presence. For purposes of paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section, the following rulesapply.
(1)Twelve-month test. A period of twelve consecutive months may begin with any day but must end on the day before the corresponding day in the twelfth succeeding month. The twelve-month period may begin before or after arrival in a foreign country and may end before or after departure.
(2)330-day test. The 330 full days need not be consecutive but may be interrupted by periods during which the individual is not present in a foreign country. In computing the minimum 330 full days of presence in a foreign country or countries, all separate periods of such presence during the period of twelve consecutive months are aggregated. A full day is a continuous period of twenty-four hours beginning with midnight and ending with the following midnight. An individual who has been present in a foreign country and then travels over areas not within any foreign country for less than twenty-four hours shall not be deemed outside a foreign country during the period of travel. If an individual who is in transit between two points outside the United States is physically present in theUnited States for less than twenty-four hours, such individual shall not be treated as present in the United Statesduring such transit but shall be treated as travelling over areas not within any foreign country. For purposes of this paragraph (d)(2), the term “transit between two points outside the United States” has the same meaning that it has when used in section 7701(b)(6)(C).
(3)Illustrations of the physical presence requirement. The physical presence requirement of paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section is illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1.
B, a U.S. citizen, arrives in Venezuela from New York at 12 noon on April 24, 1982. B remains in Venezuela until 2 p.m. on March 21, 1983, at which time B departs for the United States. Among other possible twelve month periods, B is present in a foreign country an aggregate of 330 full days during each of the following twelve month periods: March 21, 1982 through March 20, 1983; and April 25, 1982 through April 24, 1983.
Example 2.
C, a U.S. citizen, travels extensively from the time C leaves the United States on March 5, 1982, until the time C departs the United Kingdom on January 1, 1984, to return to the United States permanently. The schedule of C's travel and the number of full days at each location are listed below:
Country Time and date of arrival Time and date of departure Full days in foreign country
United States 10 p.m. (by air) Mar. 5, 1982
United Kingdom 9 a.m. Mar. 6, 1982 10 p.m. (by ship) June 25, 1982 110
United States 11 a.m. June 30, 1982 1 p.m. (by ship) July 19, 1982 0
France 3 p.m. July 24, 1982 11 a.m. (by air) Aug. 22, 1983 393
United States 4 p.m. Aug. 22, 1983 9 a.m. (by air) Sept. 4, 1983 0
United Kingdom 9 a.m. Sept. 5, 1983 9 a.m. (by air) Jan. 1, 1984 117
United States 1 p.m. Jan. 1, 1984
Among other possible twelve-month periods, C is present in a foreign country or countries an aggregate of 330 full days during the following twelve-month periods: March 2, 1982 through March 1, 1983; and January 21, 1983 through January 20, 1984. The computation of days with respect to each twelve month period may be illustrated as follows:
First twelve-month period (March 2, 1982 through March 1, 1983):
Full days in foreign country
Mar. 2, 1982 through Mar. 6, 1982 0
Mar. 7, 1982 through June 24, 1982 110
June 25, 1982 through July 24, 1982 0
July 25, 1982 through Mar. 1, 1983 220
Total full days 330
Second twelve-month period (January 21, 1983 through January 20, 1984):
Full days in foreign country
Jan. 21, 1983 through Aug. 21, 1983 213
Aug. 22, 1983 through Sept. 5, 1983 0
Sept. 6, 1983 through Dec. 31, 1983 117
Jan. 1, 1984 through Jan. 20, 1984 0
Total full days 330
(e)Special rules. For purposes only of establishing that an individual is a qualified individual under paragraph (a) of this section, residence or presence in a foreign country while there employed by the U.S. government or any agencyor instrumentality of the U.S. government counts towards satisfaction of the requirements of § 1.911-2(a). (But see section 911(b)(1)(B)(ii) and § 1.911-3(c)(3) for the rule excluding amounts paid by the U.S. government to anemployee from the definition of foreign earned income.) Time spent in a foreign country prior to January 1, 1982, counts toward satisfaction of the bona fide residence and physical presence requirements, even though no exclusion or deduction may be allowed under section 911 for income attributable to services performed during that time. Forpurposes or paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section, the term “resident of the United States” includes an individual for whom a valid election is in effect under section 6013 (g) or (h) for the taxable year or years during which the physical presence requirement is satisfied.
(f)Waiver of period of stay in foreign country due to war or civil unrest. Notwithstanding the requirements ofparagraph (a) of this section, an individual whose tax home is in, a foreign country, and who is a bona fide resident of, or present in a foreign country for any period, who leaves the foreign country after August 31, 1978, before meeting the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, may as provided in this paragraph, qualify to make anelection under section 911(a) and § 1.911-7(a). If the Secretary determines, after consultation with the Secretary ofState or his delegate, that war, civil unrest, or similar adverse conditions existed in a foreign country, then the Secretary shall publish the name of the foreign country and the dates between which such conditions were deemed to exist. In order to qualify to make an election under this paragraph, the individual must establish to the satisfaction of the Secretary that the individual left a foreign country, the name of which has been published by the Secretary, during the period when adverse conditions existed and that the individual could reasonably have expected to meet the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section but for the adverse conditions. The individual shall attach to his return for the taxable year a statement that the individual expected to meet the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section but for the conditions in the foreign country which precluded the normal conduct of business by the individual. Such individual shall be treated as a qualified individual, but only for the actual period of residence or presence. Thus, in determining the number of the individual's qualifying days, only days within the period of actual residence or presence shall be counted.
(g)United States. The term “United States” when used in a geographical sense includes any territory under the sovereignty of the United States. It includes the states, the District of Columbia, the possessions and territories of theUnited States, the territorial waters of the United States, the air space over the United States, and the seabed and subsoil of those submarine areas which are adjacent to the territorial waters of the United States and over which theUnited States has exclusive rights, in accordance with international law, with respect to the exploration and exploitation of natural resources.
(h)Foreign country. The term “foreign country” when used in a geographical sense includes any territory under the sovereignty of a government other than that of the United States. It includes the territorial waters of the foreign country (determined in accordance with the laws of the United States), the air space over the foreign country, and the seabed and subsoil of those submarine areas which are adjacent to the territorial waters of the foreign country and over which the foreign country has exclusive rights, in accordance with international law, with respect to the exploration and exploitation of natural resources.
(Sec. 911 ( 95 Stat. 194; 26 U.S.C. 911) and sec. 7805 (68A Stat. 917; 26 U.S.C. 7805) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954)
[T.D. 8006, 50 FR 2965, Jan. 23, 1985]
January 27, 2018, 07:40:02 PM
January 27, 2018, 07:38:36 PM
I would like to point to the fact that during much of the "Drug War", the US Government claimed that Hispanics and Africans were Culturally tied to Marijuana, and were Polluting the White Community. Now they make no Cultural Claim, and simply treat it as if it is an Alien Invader, and has not been here for Centuries, and part of the Fabric of the Americas for Centuries. It was a major part of the American and Mexican Revolutions, and continues to be a Major part of the American Continents to this day.
January 27, 2018, 07:36:41 PM
And because our Religion has been caught up in what the Government has in the past called a "Drug War", and has written laws to allow the Military to get involved in, I would like the Geneva Convention to be reviewed in light of the US Government's activities. I believe that they would say that our side is "Radical" because they constantly reject us, so they assume we are becoming Radical. And if you are not Christian, Law Enforcement now assumes you are an Atheist or an Enemy Combatant.
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.33_GC-IV-EN.pdf
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.33_GC-IV-EN.pdf
January 27, 2018, 07:35:53 PM
Important US Case Law from the Supreme Court
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/546/418/
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/508/520/case.html
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/546/418/
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/508/520/case.html
Jump to: