dino
you do know pools spend too.
exchangees spend too
users spend too..
node users spend too.
Pools are miners and users.
Exchanges are (big) users: they transact a lot of coins.
Users, well, are users.
And users that set up nodes, well, are users.
All these entities are USERS, that is to say, are
interested in transacting tokens against value.
You might think that exchanges are something special. They aren't really, they are very big users. They receive coins, and they give you web-site IOU with which you can play on their web site. They also sell web-site IOU for (fiat) money. That's their ultimate goal. And they send you coins to destroy web-site IOU. In other words, they transact a lot with their customers: essentially they transact coins ultimately for fiat money.
Exchanges are amongst the most important users, because (unfortunately) not much ELSE of value is exchanged for crypto coins. A little bit of services and goods, but not much. Far most (real) crypto currency transactions is to and from exchanges. Coinmarketcap also includes the transactions between exchange-web-site-IOU which are promised to be backed by the actual crypto currency, but these transactions are not the ones on block chains we are talking about: these transactions could take place totally independent of even an existing block chain. Hundreds of alt coins that essentially only exist on Poloniex could continue to be traded as Poloniex IOU even if their block chains stopped entirely. It would be like Play Station game assets, centralized on Poloniex ; not a crypto currency as such.
So, all the entities you talk about are users. Users vote with their money, because they establish the value of the crypto token.
but your not thinking about the underlying code/protocol/network infrastructure of bitcoin
This "infrastructure" is not really needed, and has strictly ZERO decision power, that's what I'm trying to tell you here, and this is why the network of non-mining nodes is absolutely UNIMPORTANT, and doesn't mean zilch as "the controlling community" ; "the guardians of the consensus" or whatever things are told about it. This infrastructure is just a proxy structure that helps (only helps) the miner network communicate with the users: miners make a block chain for the user (and the MINERS decide upon the protocol, by making the blocks, and by choosing on which other block to build), and by accepting transactions submitted by users.
The only thing that a node network can do, is make this propagation happen in a P2P way. But as long as there is a direct connection possible between the miner network and the user, that P2P network is not even needed. That's what I'm getting at. And if the network is not needed, it has zero decision power.
The USER has of course the possibility of choosing between SEVERAL different versions of a block chain *if there are miners making them*. If MINERS decide upon a hard fork, that is, their network splits into two networks, building two different chains, then the users (including big exchanges) can decide to only accept one ; or both. And they will then determine the respective market caps. Users can also decide to quit the network, and to plummet the value of the coin, even if only one chain is out there.
This is why miners are sensitive to the user value estimation.
Miners have power, because they make the block chain or the block chains, so they (and they alone) decide upon the protocol or protocols used to make the block chain (s).
Users have power because they give value to the crypto tokens on the chain(s).
So, miners have power over users because the miners determine the protocol ; users have power over miners because they determine the value of the tokens the miners obtain (in other words, the users pay the miners).
And there is nothing else in a crypto currency.
As I said, suppose that 3 big exchanges, and 7 mining pools (having a significant part of hash rate) agree upon a protocol. That's all that is needed. The exchanges list the coin (and their customers play with it), ; the mining pools make the block chain and include the transactions.
Whether 4000 nodes agree or not, they don't give a shit.