I'm in the process of writing a research paper for my night school in regard to cryptocurrencies, their capacity to be an alternative to the fiat banking paradigm and the various pros and cons of anonymity and fungibility.
Fungibility is a word that comes up again and again, and I've heard various different people discuss Bitcoin in regards to it. Monero addresses the fungibility issue but I still don't really understand what the implications are. Do Monero coins exist in a way that Bitcoins don't, even though that Bitcoin addresses are unique too?
In regards to anonymity, Bitcoin is anonymous by way of the fact that addresses cannot easily be linked to identity. How then does Monero better itself in this respect?
Are there others factors which I should take into account when comparing BTC and anonymous coins?
Any help would be appreciated.
Welcome to this long and exciting journey!
"In regards to anonymity, Bitcoin is anonymous by way of the fact that addresses cannot easily be linked to identity." This is called pseudonymity, not anonymity. It's very much like your nickname on this forum: once a link can be made with your real identity because of a single post, then your entire activity isn't anonymous anymore. There are degrees to anonymity, but in a nutshell it means none of your activity can be traced to you, and be traced one with another. Pseudonymity is much weaker. If you don't understand that point yet, you need to use Bitcoin, and read about it, and use it again and over again, until you get familiar with the way transactions work, with the information that you can see about them on different block explorers, with the use of different wallets, etc. Then this point will get much more clear.
Fungibility, and in particular the fact that Bitcoin is less fungible that what people think at the beginning of their crypto journey, is the next step to get. Many non-so-technical people don't really grasp it, and believe that with mixing you're good to go in all situations, or even that transfering your funds to another wallet of yours is sufficient.
It boils down to the fact that the Bitcoin blockchain is fully transparent, so even if you think you're so good to deceive the current analysis methods, you're in fact fighting against all methods that will be available in the future to analyze the blockchain. You're also vulnerable to a future mistake of yours, or a past one that you didn't notice, that would reveal your identity (real life one, or online one) and thus much or all of your Bitcoin activity would be traceable to that identity.
The Monero coins exist similarly to Bitcoin ones, they're introduced in each new block to the miner that produces it. But by the use of some clever cryptographic technics, Monero hides the source and the destination of the coins in every transaction. Practically speaking:
* If I pay you some coins, then I can't see if you spend them or what you're doing with them afterwards.
With Bitcoin you can do both.
* If I pay you some coins, you can't see where they are coming from (from where did I receive them).
With Bitcoin you can.
* If I give my Monero address to several people, or on my website, the transactions paying me will not look like they're going to the same destination.
With Bitcoin, everybody paying me would know the others are paying ME too.
* If I give my Monero address to somebody, nobody can see how many coins I hold on this address.
With Bitcoin, everybody knows it.
Now, the beauty of Monero is that if we give, voluntarily, some "view keys" to other people, then they are able to see things and the points above falls down to being (pretty much) like Bitcoin. It's useful if you're a non-profit and you wan't to be transparent about your funding for instance.
The reverse is not true: with Bitcoin you are transparent and there is no choice to be made about it. The best you can do then is obfuscation (mixing etc), while Monero does it intrinsically.