The example of Bill Gates was given in one of the previous posts. He never paid a penny in tax, despite owning around $100 billion worth of MSFT shares. The shares were transferred to Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and that means that these shares will never be taxed (because the foundation is classified as a charitable trust). The case of Bill Gates is known to everyone because it was publicized a lot. Other billionaires keep such transactions as secret. Nowadays charity trusts are one of the loopholes used to avoid tax.
These are the loopholes used by the super-rich to avoid taxes:
Source: https://www.topaccountingdegrees.org/taxes/
2. Send It Overseas: Registering your business or putting your money in an account in another country with lower taxes.
3. Stock It Up in Options: By taking part of your compensation in stock options you can control when and if you pay taxes, since most options are only taxed when they are exercised
4. Play Shell Games with It: Companies that only exists on paper, allowing you to funnel money through it and avoid paying taxes.
5. Swap It Out: Equity swap - An agreement that allows 2 parties to exchange the gain and loss of assets without actually transferring ownership.
6. Play Dodgeball with It: Purchasing stock options, which sets the share price at a fixed rate, then borrowing money from an investment bank using the shares as collateral.
7. Go Corporate with It: 1. Channel wages through a nominal "corporation"; 2. Pay yourself an interest-free wage; 3. Claim expenses; 4. Reduce your income taxes.
8. Kick It Down the Road: You can put part of your payday in a deferred-compensation plan, instead of taking it all at once.
9. Give It Away: Charity trusts
10. Make It Luxurious: Spend at least 2 weeks of the year on your yacht, outfit it like a home, and categorize it as a second home for tax purposes. If the home's value appreciates over time, the profits from selling it can be considered capital gains and taxed at a lower rate than salary or other investment income.