there is no length of time before you can learn all the gambling terms. unless of course you are actively looking and trying to learn them. I've been gambling for years but I can say that there are still a lot of gambling terms that I don't know especially on gambling games/types of gambling that I don't usually play.
Yes, I think the same, it's rather that you learn them as you go, or better said, as you play. The best way to learn them all quickly would be to study statistics applied to games of chance, which in turn would help you understand much better how they work.
On the other hand, there are also other gambling terms which I learned much later than the game itself. For example, I learned and play poker much earlier than I learned the terms such as turn or river or rainbow or ante. Before, I just knew the mechanics and the game without really knowing the jargons.
That happened to me too, lol. The important thing is that you learn how to play well, the specific terms you will learn little by little.