1) How do people think that bitcoin is actually anonymous? You would have to buy them with your debit card/credit card in which banks have your information... why would you think that this stuff is actually anonymous and could be used in such a way?
It can be anonymous since you don't necessarily have to buy Bitcoin with debit/credit cards or bank accounts. You can mine them, but that costs a lot of money to get the equipment. The mined bitcoin itself is completely anonymous as it has never been spent before or passed any exchange. You can also do some work (like I do) and earn your Bitcoin that way. That way your identity is never revealed to anyone.
2) How many people develop bitcoin? If it's a decentralized currency then if these people control how the currency works, how would that make it decentralized?
This is the full list of the people that have created a commit to the Bitcoin Core github repository, which essentially determines the network rules.
https://bitcoin.org/en/development#bitcoin-core-contributorsHowever, no one is required to follow them. Anyone at any time can fork Bitcoin and change the rules. If people like those rules, than they switch to that and that could become the "new bitcoin". This is how it is decentralized.
3) If it is a currency that can be used in a sort of anonymous way, then how can governments regulate it in a way to make sure that people aren't funding bad organizations like ISIS and drug lords? "Harpua" has told me about what silk road was and the way the darknet markets work, but how can this be prevented?
It is very difficult to regulate, and it cannot really be regulated. It works in the same way that transferring cash does, you give someone a stack of cash in some shady back alley, no one can really regulate that, short of going there and busting you.
4) My dad works in a government facility where he deals with high clearance documents in a high security facility. His organization has just been recently hacked by the Chinese government and lost dozens of top secret information including SS#'s, locations of the homes of workers, basically any personal information about the workers of his business and his families (which includes me). How can cryptocurrencies ever be a secure enough form of transactions where governments and top notch hackers can't just find a way to hack into the blockchain database?
The blockchain is a ledger, not a database. There isn't really any sensitive information stored in it, just transactions. It is distributed to every full node (a computer that receives all transactions and blocks and verifies and validates them according to the consensus rules) What do you exactly mean by "hack into the blockchain database"?