From what I have observed most public debate regarding science revolves around two issues:
1) Climate Change due to human influence on the environment
2) Evolution of life on Earth due to long term natural selection
How do you determine what to believe (or not) regarding these theories?
What kind of evidence would convince you to change your mind?
Why do you place trust (or not) in the consensus of the experts in these fields?
Given infinite resources, how would you determine the "truth"?
Like in most other sciences, most people don't understand evolutionary theory. People feel these concepts are easy to understand, but scientists devote a significant amount of their lives to understand these things, and most of the time they are wrong. If you ask people's opinion of theoretical quantum physics and most people will say "oh I don't understand that stuff." If you ask them their opinion about climate change or evolution, then they have the answer.
It pisses me off these ignorant people that claim they can understand these complex topics and yet have no idea how to run a statistical test. They post links to articles that they them self could never reproduce. "Hey this paper is peer-reviewed, and it says that XXX is not true." Wow, now can you explain each statistical test of their data that they did? Did they remove any data points, if so why?
I once met a guy that asked what I do. I told him I was an evolutionary biologist. This guy had the nerve to tell me, "Oh I read this book by this scientist, Dr. Bebe, that said evolution was not real."
My reply was, "Wow, that is interesting, what do you do for a living?"
He said, "I am a musician."
"You know music doesn't exist, right, it is just noise in the air?"
Evolution has already been determined to be true by Darwin
While I sympathize with the person that said this, nevertheless, it is a very incorrect statement. Darwin didn't prove anything. He laid out a hypothesis with evidence based on morphological data. He had no idea what hereditary factors that was required. A few decades later biologists and statisticians combined Mendel and Darwin's theories which now allowed for a genetic ability for change.
This is what is wrong with trying to educate non-scientists. They have a preconceived bias and they read other reports that fulfill this bias. There is a deeper reason why people take beliefs and it has nothing to do with the scientific method. It is based on emotion.
Darwin's theory was not enough though because biologists did not understand the concept of mutation. The true hero of evolution is
Motoo Kimura who developed the
neutral theory of evolution that proved mathematically that most changes at the DNA level is have neutral effects. Unlike Darwin that said that these characteristics of living systems arise due to their beneficial nature. Kimura, on the other hand, explained that these characteristics arose because of neutral mutations and genetic drift. Genetic drift is the change in gene frequencies overtime due to random sampling.
What is important about Kimura's theory is that it allows for the possibility of Darwin's theory to be tested. Before, Darwin's theory was just a proof-in-concept. It was just an idea that had never been tested. It would be like if the bitcoin white paper was published 100 years ago. Sure the concept could work, but no one could make it work because we didn't have the necessary tools to make it work. Kimura's theory now allowed evolutionary adaptation to be a testable hypothesis. For example of some tests that allow for this see the the
McDonald-Kreitman test and the
Ka/Ks ratio.