The best bang for the buck mining is the HD 5870.
A few places around here sell it for about $185-$200 CAD new, and it will have 43% better performance per clock than a HD 5830 because it has 43% more shader units (1600 vs 1120 on the 5830).
Well, at stock clocks the 5870 has a 51.7% theoretical advantage over the 5830, but at the price frankiebits saw it for ($120) versus $185, the 5870 has a 54.2% higher price. OK, so the 5830 wins in price to mining performance by only a tiny amount at those prices.
At only 900mhz it puts out about 330,000 khash/s, I've also seen 390,000 khash/s at 1030mhz (although with my reference cooler, I can only keep it at about 930mhz unless I want a hairdryer in my room). This is all using SDK 2.3 on Windows with the 11.2 driver. I tried SDK 2.1 as well as older drivers and found no significant difference at all (less than ~5m increase/decrease). I also didn't notice anything significant upgrading to SDK 2.4.
I wouldn't agree that the 6870 is a better miner than the 5850 either. The 58xx and 68xx/69xx series all top out at roughly the same core frequencies, most will cap out anywhere from 950-1000mhz for mining. HD 6870 is already 900mhz and doesn't have much headroom, HD 5850 is 775mhz and has much more headroom for overclocking. That all being said, HD 5850 already performs better for mining when both are at stock frequency.
My HD 5850 at ~920mhz sees roughly 300,000 khash/s. Comparing my HD 6850 at the same frequency of 920mhz.. it only sees about 215,000 khash/s.
The relevant comparison should not be a 5850 at 920MHz. Also, in my post, a 5850 was not compared to a 6850. Those two cards aren't the same wattage. While the 5850 will most definately overclock better than a 6870, both cards at stock clocks will produce mining results that are similar. However, the 6870 will perform better in games. That's how I have it worded in my previous post. Also, in my post I point out that even a moderate overclock on a 5870 will pull it ahead of the 6870. From the way I've ordered the sentences, it can be inferred that the 6870 at any level of overclock can't compete with the 5870 at even a moderate overclock. I'm just restating that to clarify.
I will agree, though, that a 5870 will give you the best performance for the given clock speed.
EDIT: Looking back, I did not emphasize the fact that the 5850 and 6870 have similar mining performance. Oops.