The question was this.
If the data is invalid, I would appreciate a clear and concise explanation as to why this is the case. ....
That's the question I answered. And no, answering a question from the point of view of thermodynamics and the third law is not an arbitrary subjective opinion. It's a scientific rebuttal. I believe that was what was asked for.
Bolded above is inaccurate. Retention of heat in the atmosphere by CO2 absorption is not highest next to the ground but lowest. Think about it. Solar rays enter the atmosphere and immediately certain spectra are absorbed. Some rays continue down 100k feet. .... 80k...60k....40k...20k...surface. By the gas laws and partial pressures, CO2 is evenly distributed in the atmosphere. In other words, there cannot be a higher percentage of CO2 in one place than another, such as can be the case with water vapor. (This is true over time and globally. Regionally, one can see higher ppm of CO2 next to a factory, a volcano, downwind of a city, etc. Mixing of two gases occurs rapidly, basically at the speed of sound in the gases IIRC)
The meaning of this with respect to the CO2 absorption spectra is by the time sunlight gets to the ground those lines are already long gone. I don't think this is related to the central issue you are concerned about though. Say you have a pot on the stove. You add heat to one corner of it or another, or at the base or half way up, it will all equilibrate pretty quickly. Not so with the Earth.
You ignored my question and I still stand behind my point.
I am under the impression that the rate of spectral absorption by CO2/greenhouse gasses is dependent on the frequency of the radiation. As the rays hit the earth the radiation shifts in frequency. It is the difference in how the these 2 spectrum responses work that make up a large portion of the effect of global warming. You seem to think it is simpler than that given your response.
I'll tell you why sat. data is not as useful. It is because not much lives up in the atmosphere. Those temperatures are only important in an indirect manner. Surface temperate data would be much more useful. While you give valid reasons, it isn't enough to be convincing as to why we should prefer data of temperatures far above the Earth where it only impacts us indirectly. IMO, you're just cherry picking your data.
If your questions are vague and imprecise, then another must guess at their meaning. That's not exactly ignoring a question.
Bolded above makes no sense. CO2 absorbs specific spectral lines.
Then "as the rays hit the earth radiation shifts in frequency." This probably is your way of saying that although visible light is absorbed by the CO2 molecule, infra red (heat) is emitted.
Then "it is the difference in how these 2 spectral responses work..." This makes no sense. Anyway the IR emission is the heat. Radiant heat is the IR.
As for "surface temperature data would be much more useful," it does not matter if the "surface temperature data" cannot be precisely measured, and it cannot, as I previously illustrated.
The meteorological phrase "Lapse Rate" refers to the difference in temperature with altitude. It is 3C per 1000 meters. So from a data set of 10k foot altitudes, "ground temperatures" can easily be computed. The equations for Lapse Rate describe functions of a gaseous envelope in a gravitational field. They are not opinions.
It's rather laughable to advocate a bunch of scattered, irregular thermometers on the ground as opposed to satellite measurements for reasons of figuring a "global temperature." As previously noted, of course there's no problem with using a ground based temperature to find local or regional temperature. Say up to a 500 mile diameter around, maybe.
I get the impression you do not understand these mechanisms. Nothing wrong with that but argue about stuff you don't understand?