The real source of this oppression; however is not fractional reserve banking which has been around for centuries, but rather the replacement of cash with proprietary digital payment systems...It is hardly surprising that when making payments to the very wealthy is made convenient and cost effective while at the same time making payments to the poor is made next to impossible and very expensive that the rich will get richer and the poor will get poorer.
To be clear, I did not infer that fractional reserve was a cause of oppression. Certainly it plays a role in inequality, as it permits a privileged few to lever rents, but inequality and oppression are distinct. I consider the adoption of currency backed by sovereign debt as the principal form of economic oppression globally, as it enables the use of the sword of the state to force usury on an entire population, regardless of their choices - and those two points are crucial differences as regards the issue of fractional reserve. Inequality can become a pragmatic economic problem when it becomes extreme. It is also a pragmatic economic problem when wealth is too
evenly distributed. Oppression is a moral issue, an identity issue, and an issue of blood. One reason why the distinction is important: Wise people of good will seek to address pragmatic issues, but extremism is not a responsible option in cases of pragmatic utility. But in cases of entrenched systematic injustice, extremism may be the only visible option.'
I agree that frictions are imposed on the dis-privileged, and opine that this is an injustice, a moral issue albeit a lesser one, as well as a pragmatic one. In general economies of scale have created opportunities for those who ameliorate these issues, and that has pragmatic value, increasing productivity, decreasing inefficiency. Market solutions appear suited to squeeze that injustice to the tiniest of margins over time. Crypto is part of that solution. Crypto could potentially be a solution to the much more damaging practical and moral issue of currency backed by sovereign debt, and if it were to be effective, could save much bloodshed. It is much more difficult to make it so, however. It remains to be seen that market mechanisms will suffice to achieve or even approximate that end. One can hope, but one cannot base rational decisions on hope.