What sort of CPU processing overhead does the miner use?
Some simple hashing, very little overhead. One core of a modern CPU can process 100MB/s+.
Does it climb exponentially based on the amount of TB it's scanning?
Linearly
Would SSDs improve the speed at which coins are mined?
Regular HDD's are fast enough - and way cheaper per TB.
Is there a limitation on the size a processor can mine based on its processing power? Someone mentioned that if plotting doesn't complete fast enough, it's essentially lost?
A modern I7 can easily process 100TB+ in time. There is, but its high.
How is data loss coped with? What happens when you lose information on one drive?
You can just plot the same range again. Its all deterministic.
People were mentioning external hard drives, but I assume USB would turn into a bottleneck if it's constantly being scanned?
USB 2.0 is kind of a bottleneck, but still usable. USB 3.0 is perfect for BURST.
I also understand this coin could be abused from a cloud mining standpoint, but people have also been mentioning it has to scan the entire drive (which would use a crap ton of bandwidth, especially if you're talking TBs on the cloud)?
It needs to scan 1/4096th of the data each block. Thats 256MB/TB