Bitcoin has a very, very serious, fundamental problem:
maybe my English is shit but what you call "fundamental" and "problem" doesn't look fundamental and problematic in any ways to me.
the absence of anonymity and hence the fact that bitcoins are not fungible.
you have been using fiat all your life and never complained about its non-anonymous state or even talking about the fundamental problems of it.
bitcoin was never anonymous it is
pseudo-anonymous and it is not a problem if you are
1) paying your taxes
2) you are not trying to do an illegal act.
It has other technical problems too (like the limited number of transactions per second).
why is this a technical problem? right now there isn't really more transactions that bitcoin network can not handle. look at the number of unconfirmed transactions in different times of the day and in different days for a period of time and you see there is not more than normal which shows the current rate of transaction per second is being handled properly.
also the scalability issue is not something that is forgotten, there are things being done in that area to increase the block size and solve the future problems that may happen and has not happened still.
I think the anonymity that is lacking is the most serious problem. This will bite back one day.
again, if you are not doing the 1 and 2 above it is not a serious problem.
besides there are solutions for that like using a mixer.
But indeed, bitcoin was the first, and has a huge "first mover" advantage especially because of its network effect.
bitcoin was not the first.
Although many altcoins are stupid ideas, some altcoins really have brilliant improvements over bitcoin.
there are some altcoins that have some "interesting" ideas but I have not yet seen any brilliant one that is actually wanted by the users.
can you give me some examples of those brilliant improvements?
What has been said earlier, that bitcoin has a quasi-perfect initial distribution because there was no "greed" the first year or so, can easily be solved by an "altcoin" : instead of starting a new block chain, it could simply fork off bitcoin, hence solving all the issues of initial coin distribution and seigniorage. Ethereum is the first experiment in the altcoin scene of forking off instead of starting new chains.
ethereum fork was because of the following:
1) etherum is a centralized altcoin
2) it was exploited because of the flaws it has and still not fixed
3) the fork was like a roll back to the previous state because the whales of etherum lost money and they wanted it back so the centralized power gave it back to themselves.
4) soon in the future there may be another contract like DAO and another exploit because of the Ethereum weak code and a lot of money lost by the centralized power and another fork.