In fact this topic is my one of the favourite, therefore will address several points mentioned here, as I lived in all 3 places mentioned (USA, China (incl. HK), and Russia), and have well knowledgeable friends from all these places.
FYI, I am not Chinese, if that's something you might think about.The COVID19 has proven that the Chinese medical system is more resilient, and strong government control can take more directed and faster actions as opposed to the ones in USA which we can say more "decentralized" if you wish from the perspective that there are "checks and balances" on each stage of medical system. In Russia on the contrary it's way worse than in the U.S., I personally have married friends who were diagnosed with COVID19 and while they were in quarantine at home, their spouses (who obviously live together), didn't need to take any tests, and could easily go out from home for shopping, and afterwards were even taking some classes in large groups. But in China, even if 1 person was suspected to have COVID-like symptoms, the entire living complex would be blocked and isolated, and literally everyone would be tested and quarantined. As a result, China re-emerged from the virus faster and better than others. However, the CCP understands very well that it's disadvantageous in terms of BioTech innovation as compared to the U.S., therefore, if you have been in China recently and spoke with business community you will know that government is flooding the sector with billions of dollars and they decided to make Wuhan - the med centre of the country.
Now in China you can clearly identify:
Beijing as the political centre,
Shanghai as the centre of international business,
Shenzhen as the centre of tech (software & hardware) innovation,
Guangzhou as the centre of trade,
Hong Kong as the financial centre,
and now it will be
Wuhan for life sciences and pharma.
You may like it or not, but CCP will do what it promised, because of million factors that are out of the scope of current discussion, but unlike in Russia where government is also has it's major disadvantages (including corruption), in China, having the same problems, the politicians and CCP has #1 priority - political and economic stability and wellbeing of the nation and country. Not of any single individual, businessman or minority community, but society, nation and country overall! That leads to patriotism which is not there in the USA overall (everyone got own opinion and will complain about the country's problems), and economic power which is not there in Russia (since politicians prioritise personal wellbeing over nation's).
Understanding the above, China not only launches new targeted subsidies and foreign talent acquisition programs, and Chinese from abroad repatriation schemes, but many other reforms which people who don't follow the Chinese-Chinese news (but only Chinese from Western perspective / or Chinese financed by Western) will not know.
So to conclude that part, China is surely developing super fast and many even don't notice that. But China is not yet #1 and it will take years to achieve that, and CCP understands pretty well their own problems, such as shadow banking (solving), p2p scams (solved), tech monopolies (solving), lack of true innovation but rather copy/buyout the western tech & improve (solving). Part of them hinder growth, part of them make China de-facto not able to overtake the U.S. position. But as you hear from news they are solving those part by part.
However, as was correctly mentioned - there are other, more "fundamental" issues (about minorities, different ethnic groups, etc.) and yes they do pose big risks if exploited correctly by external powers. But that's unlikely to happen in the near future, because the USSR experience was studied well and taken into consideration.
Same with Russia's chances for splitting, unlike the current Chinese leadership which puts its own interests first and above all, Russian leadership puts personal stability and interests first, and therefore has a strong power and motivation to silence and control those who pose external and uncontrolled risks to the power, therefore will not allow externalities to split the country. But if economic situation doesn't change - there might be other risks emerging very quickly internally. Besides, when Putin leaves (it will happen eventually) there might be left a huge power vacuum, which might blow the country from inside by the fight of elites, oligarchs and political opposition.
Considering the point mentioned earlier by the forum member that Chinese like to manipulate in their order, well yes and of course - isn't that reasonable? Just like USA manipulates everything towards its own favour, and even international conflicts, just like Russia does so, so will China too. Only stupid country won't do that, no?
Therefore China finances as much as possible of foreign sales markets with its own debt. It's like buying iPhone on credit - you take financing from the company to buy iPhone from Apple, and then you get the phone, but gonna repay the debt eventually. That's the soft power - lend to other nations who are happy to take that money, and if they repay debts - earn, if they don't (and most of them won't) - you dictate your own rules there.
To summarize, my opinion is that in order to evaluate the future potential success of any country, you need to assess it among 4 core dimensions only: 1) economic power, 2) military power, 3) international political power, 4) innovation. Note that most of them cannot be evaluated by 1 single metric (GDP, or R&D spending for example), but you need to consider many related and sub-measures.
USA: 1) economic power: #1, but that's under question for the future
2) military power: #1, army is indeed is the best and most advanced, but not so patriotic though
3) international political power: #1, as no conflict or international matter gets decided without USA
4) innovation: #1, both from commercial perspective and from state-level
China: 1) economic power: #2, but increasing, and now average Chinese from 1st tier city who was born in that city is way more rich than average American (Russia is not even considered here
)
2) military power: #3, and strongly dependent of foreign technology which CCP doesn't have solution to, yet (at least not disclosed / discussed publicly)
3) international political power: #4-5, as China doesn't get itself into every single conflict, but in 2019-2020 that's changing
4) innovation: top10 at best, which CCP tries to solve with big money being thrown here and there, but I personally believe only money will not solve it, as that's more about education, culture, etc (and you can't have great innovation which comes from diversity, and great stability and patriotism, all at the same time)
Russia: 1) economic power: top20, which is hardly imaginable to be changed any time soon, as Russia had good chances in 2000-2002, but... we know where we are now
2) military power: #2, as it indeed produces most advanced weapons and both China has to rely on it, and EU+USA have to deal with it by accelerating own spending, expanding budgets, etc. (in fact if gov would spend more on social wellbeing than on military, maybe it could be more stable and start growing too)
3) international political power: #3-4, which is achievable only due to its military power, otherwise nobody would take Russia seriously
4) innovation: not even top20, if speaking from the broad perspective, as even the Skolkovo project failed and all Russians are laughing about it (because the administrators as always just steal the budgets and "invest" in related companies which then get bankrupt (analogy with DeFis now which are hacked
))