Therefore there would be no way of telling what is a "good" node and a "bad" node. They are all just nodes, and it somebody takes over 51% of them, they win.
Nope, a node that imposes a cap of 21 trillion isn't considered a 'good' node, regardless of the amount of hashrate they possess.
You continue to reference a central authority that is going to "disagree" with bad nodes that does. not. exist.
I am NOT referring to any central authority. It's the nodes within the current network that will refuse connections from nodes using different protocols. What's hard to understand about that?
How do you suppose Bitcoin's current nodes got there in the first place? Did they ask permission of that central authority you keep saying exists somewhere?
They connect because they adhere to the same protocol. If one of them makes even a minor alteration to the protocol within its client, it no longer remains part of their network.
How would any software, in real time, know they are altering the rules?
If a node from China connects to one from outside China and the Chinese node sends a transaction that's only valid according to Chinese rules, the non-Chinese node will refuse it and potentially blacklist the Chinese node.
And for the umpteenth time here, nodes on a network don't have different-colored skin, do not speak with an accent, do not have a red flag with a star on them, and so on.
Lmao, they do. It's called consensus:
https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Consensus.
"The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes."
This has nothing to do with protocol rules. If you actually read satoshi, it explains the system's defense against 51% attacks, where one exploits their hashrate to double-spend. It doesn't have to do with altering the protocol rules of other clients. That's impossible without their consent.