Bitcoin is fundamentally different because its supply is defined a priori at the protocol level; no resources need to be consumed to verify scarcity.
I'd also add this. The resources are needed in part to maintain the integrity of the protocol. Without secure mining the protocol is useless.
Right, bitcoin mining is needed to secure the ledger and create consensus on the ordering of transactions. Thus the resources consumed in the process are not "wasted" in the same sense they are with gold mining. Smooth, you're one of the best here with semantics and logic, and I'm sure you'll find something wrong with my arguments, but I think David Andolfatto's (St. Louis Fed VP) has made some important insights into bitcoin and the nature of money (and that I'm not clearly explaining my point of view).
My original post on this topic was in defence of his
critique of Willem Buiter's (Citibank Chief Economist) analogy between gold and bitcoin.
The waste associated with mining gold is that in principle, gold money can be replaced by paper money (and please, do not give some weird “out of thin air” argument; see
here.) Paper money, like Bitcoin, and unlike gold, is (near) costless to produce.
Readers here might be quick to correct David: "of course, bitcoins are costly to produce. Satoshi said that the cost to produce them would tend to approach their market value…" He half explains this later:
Let me be clear about this. Bitcoin costs zero to produce. If one had control over the protocol, one could instantly and costlessly create as many bitcoins as one wanted. No environmental waste, no effort needed. The same is not true of gold.
And he's right: if one had control over the protocol, one
could instantly and costlessly create as many bitcoins as one wanted…and issue a favourable amount to one's friends and to one's self!! Andolfatto
argues that
"evil is the root of all money," or more accurately, that money is necessary because trust and information is not perfect. So what would happen "if a benevolent and omniscient God" had control of the protocol"? Well then this God could issue the bitcoins to the population of the world in a way the results in the optimal distribution to achieve some "best happiness" or some such notion as deemed appropriate by His Benevolence. In such a case, the cost to produce each bitcoin would be identically zero (and the resulting distribution of wealth would be equal to or better than what will actually play out over the next decade).
When viewed through this lens, bitcoins
are costless to produce. The resources consumed by the miners are not spent on the bitcoins themselves, but rather on the fact-finding mission to determine how these entries in our global ledger should best be distributed across the world's population
2. And, since we unfortunately don't have access to a benevolent and omniscient God to help us fill in the blanks
1, this fact-finding mission plays out as bitcoin's proof-of-work mining competition.
So, the resources consumed during bitcoin mining solve an informational and trust problem only. If "evilness"=0 and if information was perfect, then the cost to produce bitcoins would be zero. On the other hand, the production of gold is a physical problem and its cost and environmental impact would always be significant and would not depend (to a great extent) on information or on trust.
TL/DR: bitcoin > gold.1I'd argue that the fiat experiment that began at Bretton Woods was a result of conviction that we could emulate the decisions my hypothetical "benevolent of omniscient God." A conviction that I believe is fading away. But the fiat experiment was at least half right: money doesn't have to be costly to produce (like gold is), provided information and trust is perfect (it's just that we aren't trustworthy and perfect information is not possible).
2In the post-distribution stage of bitcoin, mining remains non-wasteful. If "evilness"=0, then nobody attempts to double spend or attack the network. In such a world, there's no need for mining, because everyone is honest and nodes can hold hands and take turns publishing blocks. So in a utopian world, no resources are required to verify transactions. In the real world, resources are consumed to the extent that "evilness" exists. Once again, the resources are consumed to solve a problem of information and trust, not to perform some physical action. We must waste a certain amount of resources simply to dis-incentivize economic agents from acting maliciously.